The Company reported a loss before income taxes consisting of the following (in thousands):

The components of the provision for income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

The reconciliation of the federal statutory rate to the Company’s effective tax rate is as follows:

The components of deferred tax assets and liabilities related to net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income taxes purposes were as follows (in thousands):

The Company operates in multiple jurisdictions. Accordingly, the Company files U.S. federal and state income tax returns as well as returns in multiple foreign jurisdictions. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax-planning strategies in making this assessment. Management believes it is more likely than not that the results of future operations will not generate sufficient taxable income in the United States or in its foreign jurisdictions to realize the full benefits of its deferred tax assets. As of December 31, 2023, the Company continues to maintain a full valuation allowance against all net deferred tax assets.

The cumulative amount of earnings of our foreign subsidiaries are expected to be permanently invested in the foreign subsidiaries. Deferred taxes have not been provided on the excess of book basis over tax basis, or the excess tax basis over book basis in the shares of our foreign subsidiaries because these basis differences are not expected to reverse in the foreseeable future and are essentially permanent in duration. Our intention is to reinvest the earnings of the foreign subsidiaries indefinitely.

The increase in the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets of $11.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily a result of the operating losses generated in current tax year.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards for U.S. federal income tax purposes of $43.4 million and net operating loss carryforwards for state income tax purposes of $46.7 million. Federal tax loss carryforwards that were created prior to December 31, 2017 expire through 2037 and federal losses created after that date do not expire. State loss carryforwards expire starting in 2035. Pursuant to Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or the Code, and similar state tax law, certain substantial changes in the Company’s ownership may result in a limitation on the amount of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards that may be used in future years. Utilization of the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards may be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 of the Code due to ownership change limitations that have occurred previously or that could occur in the future. These ownership changes may limit the amount of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and tax, respectively. The Company completed a Section 382 study through December 31, 2020. Based on the study, the Company underwent an ownership change for Section 382 purposes which occurred in February 2018. As a result of the ownership change, the Company’s net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards as of the ownership change dates are subject to limitation under Section 382; however, these limitations are not expected to result in any of the impacted net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards to expire unutilized. Any net operating losses or tax credits generated after the February 2018 change are not subject to this annual limitation. However, subsequent ownership changes, as defined by Section 382, may potentially further limit the amount of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards that could be utilized to offset future taxable income and tax. The Company is currently open to examination under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service and state jurisdictions for the tax years ended 2019 through the current year. Carryforward tax attributes generated in years past may still be adjusted upon future examination if they have or will be used in a future period. The Company is not under examination by the Internal Revenue Service or any other jurisdictions for any tax years.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had German corporate income tax and trade tax net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $187.6 million and $183.7 million respectively. Under current German laws, tax loss carryforwards may only be used to offset any relevant later assessment period (calendar year) of $1.2 million plus 60% of the exceeding taxable income and trade profit of such period and do not expire. In addition, certain transactions, including transfers of shares or interest in the loss holding entity, may result in the partial or total forfeiture of tax losses existing at that date. Partial or total forfeiture of tax losses may further occur in corporate reorganizations of the loss holding entity.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had gross U.S. federal and state research and development and other tax credit carryforwards of $0.5 million and $0.1 million, respectively, which may be available to offset future tax liabilities and begin to expire in 2042 and 2037, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had gross U.S. federal and state research and development and other tax credit carryforwards of $0.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively, which may be available to offset future tax liabilities and begin to expire in 2042 and 2037, respectively.

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions pursuant to ASC 740, Income Taxes, which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement process for financial statement recognition of uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. If the tax position meets this threshold, the benefit to be recognized is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not (determined by cumulative probability) of being realized upon ultimate settlement with the taxing authority. The Company recognizes interest and penalties, if any, related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense. No interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions were accrued at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or the TCJA, was signed into law. Under the TCJA provisions, effective with tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2022, taxpayers can no longer immediately expense qualified research and development expenditures. Taxpayers are now required to capitalize and amortize these costs over five years for research conducted within the United States or 15 years for research conducted abroad.

The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding the impact of interest and penalties, for the year ended December 31, 2023 (in thousands):

The Company does not expect unrecognized tax benefits to change significantly over the next twelve months. The full amount of unrecognized tax benefits would impact the effective rate, subject to valuation allowance considerations, if recognized.