pirs20230119_def14a.htm

☐ Confidential, for Use of the Commission Only (as permitted by Rule 14a-6(e)(2))

☐ Fee computed on table in exhibit required by Item 25(b) per Exchange Act Rules 14a-6(i)(1) and 0-11

You are cordially invited to attend the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders of Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. to be held at 8:00 a.m., Eastern Time, on Wednesday, June 21, 2023. This year's annual meeting will be a virtual meeting held over the Internet. You will be able to attend the annual meeting, vote and submit your questions during the live webcast of the meeting by visiting www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/PIRS2023 and entering your 16-digit control number located on your Important Notice Regarding the Availability of Proxy Materials or proxy card.

Details regarding the meeting, the business to be conducted at the meeting and information about Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. that you should consider when you vote your shares are described in the accompanying proxy statement. Whether you plan to attend or not, we urge you to vote by proxy to ensure that your shares will be represented and voted at the meeting and that a quorum is present.

At the annual meeting, stockholders will be asked to (i) elect three people to our Board of Directors, each to serve until the 2026 annual meeting of stockholders, (ii) approve an amendment of our 2020 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, to add 6,000,000 additional shares for issuance under that plan, (iii) approve our 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, (iv) ratify the appointment of Ernst & Young LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023, (v) approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation of our named executive officers as disclosed in the accompanying proxy statement, and (vi) transact any other business that may properly come before the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders or any adjournment of the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders. The Board of Directors recommends the election of the three nominees for director and approval of each of the other proposals.

Under Securities and Exchange Commission rules that allow companies to furnish proxy materials to stockholders over the Internet, we have elected to deliver our proxy materials to most of our stockholders over the Internet. This delivery process allows us to provide stockholders with the information they need, while at the same time conserving natural resources and lowering the cost of delivery. On or about April 28, 2023, we intend to begin sending to our stockholders an Important Notice Regarding the Availability of Proxy Materials, or the Notice, containing instructions on how to access our proxy statement for our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders and our 2022 annual report to stockholders. The Notice also provides instructions on how to vote online, how to access the virtual annual meeting and how to receive a paper copy of the proxy materials by mail.

We hope you will be able to attend the annual meeting, but if you cannot, we hope you will vote promptly. Information about voting methods is set forth in the accompanying proxy statement.

Thank you for your continued support of Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. We look forward to your attendance at the annual meeting.

ACCESS: The annual meeting will be a virtual meeting held over the internet. You will be able to attend the annual meeting, vote and submit your questions during the meeting by visiting www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/PIRS2023 and entering your 16-digit control number included in your Important Notice Regarding the Availability of Proxy Materials, or the Notice, or proxy card. For further information about the virtual annual meeting, please see the Important Information about the Annual Meeting and Voting beginning on page 3.

You may vote if you were the record owner of Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. common stock at the close of business on April 24, 2023. A list of stockholders of record will be available at the annual meeting and, during the 10 days prior to the annual meeting, either electronically or at our principal executive offices located at 225 Franklin Street, 26th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02110.

All stockholders are cordially invited to attend the annual meeting. Whether you plan to attend the annual meeting or not, we urge you to vote and submit your proxy by the Internet, telephone or mail by following the instructions contained in this proxy statement or in the Notice to ensure the presence of a quorum. You may change or revoke your proxy at any time before it is voted at the annual meeting. If you participate in and vote your shares at the annual meeting, your proxy will not be used.

This proxy statement, along with the accompanying notice of 2023 annual meeting of stockholders, contains information about the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders of Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., including any adjournments or postponements of the annual meeting. We are holding the annual meeting at 8:00 a.m., Eastern Time, on June 21, 2023 at www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/PIRS2023.

In this proxy statement, we refer to Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as “Pieris,” “the Company,” “we” and “us.”

This proxy statement relates to the solicitation of proxies by our board of directors, or Board of Directors, or Board, for use at the annual meeting.

On or about April 28, 2023, we intend to begin sending to our stockholders the Important Notice Regarding the Availability of Proxy Materials, or the Notice, containing instructions on how to access our proxy statement for our 2023 annual meeting of stockholders and our 2022 annual report to stockholders.

IMPORTANT NOTICE REGARDING THE AVAILABILITY OF PROXY MATERIALS FOR THE ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS TO BE HELD ON JUNE 21, 2023

This proxy statement and our 2022 annual report to stockholders are available for viewing, printing and downloading at www.proxyvote.com. To view these materials, please have your 16-digit control number(s) available that appears on your Notice or proxy card. On this website, you can also elect to receive future distributions of our proxy statements and annual reports to stockholders by electronic delivery.

Additionally, you can find a copy of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, which includes our financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, on the website of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, at www.sec.gov, or in the “SEC Filings” section of the “Investors” section of our website at www.pieris.com. You may also obtain a printed copy of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our financial statements, free of charge, from us by sending a written request to: Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 225 Franklin Street, 26th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, Attn: Corporate Secretary. Exhibits will be provided upon written request and payment of an appropriate processing fee.

Our Board of Directors is soliciting your proxy to vote at the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders to be held at www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/PIRS2023 on June 21, 2023, at 8:00 a.m., Eastern Time, and any adjournments or postponements of the meeting, which we refer to as the annual meeting. This proxy statement, along with the accompanying Notice, summarizes the purposes of the meeting and the information you need to know to vote at the annual meeting.

We have made available to you on the Internet or have sent you this proxy statement, the Notice, the proxy card and a copy of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 because you owned shares of Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. common stock on the record date and are entitled to vote at the annual meeting. The Company intends to commence distribution of the Notice, and, if applicable, the proxy materials, to stockholders on or about April 28, 2023.

Why Did I Receive a Notice in the Mail Regarding the Internet Availability of Proxy Materials Instead of a Full Set of Proxy Materials?

As permitted by the rules of the SEC, we may furnish our proxy materials to our stockholders by providing access to such documents on the Internet, rather than mailing printed copies of these materials to each stockholder. Most stockholders will not receive printed copies of the proxy materials unless they request them. We believe that this process should expedite stockholders’ receipt of proxy materials, lower the costs of the annual meeting and help to conserve natural resources. If you received the Notice by mail or electronically, you will not receive a printed or email copy of the proxy materials, unless you request one by following the instructions included in the Notice. Instead, the Notice instructs you as to how you may access and review all of the proxy materials and submit your proxy on the Internet. If you requested a paper copy of the proxy materials, you may authorize the voting of your shares by following the instructions on the proxy card.

This year’s annual meeting will be held in a virtual meeting format only. We have designed our virtual format to enhance, rather than constrain, stockholder access, participation and communication. For example, the virtual format allows stockholders to communicate with us in advance of, and during, the annual meeting so they can ask questions as time permits.

We will have technicians ready to assist you with any technical difficulties you may have accessing the virtual annual meeting, voting at the annual meeting or submitting questions at the annual meeting. If you encounter any difficulties accessing the virtual annual meeting during the check-in or meeting time, please call the technical support number that will be posted at www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/PIRS2023.

Only stockholders of record at the close of business on April 24, 2023 will be entitled to vote at the annual meeting. On this record date, there were 74,519,103 shares of our common stock outstanding and entitled to vote. Our common stock is our only class of voting stock.

If, on April 24, 2023, your shares of our common stock were registered directly in your name with our transfer agent, Computershare Trust Company, N.A., then you are a stockholder of record.

If, on April 24, 2023, your shares were held, not in your name, but rather in an account at a brokerage firm, bank, dealer or other similar organization, then you are the beneficial owner of shares held in “street name” and the Notice is being forwarded to you by that organization. The organization holding your account is considered to be the stockholder of record for purposes of voting at the annual meeting. As a beneficial owner, you have the right to direct your broker or other agent regarding how to vote the shares in your account. You are also invited to attend the annual meeting where you may vote your shares.

You do not need to attend the annual meeting to vote your shares. Shares represented by valid proxies, received in time for the annual meeting and not revoked prior to the annual meeting, will be voted at the annual meeting. For instructions on how to change or revoke your proxy, see “May I Change or Revoke My Proxy?” below.

Each share of our common stock that you own as of the record date entitles you to one vote.

Whether you plan to attend the annual meeting or not, we urge you to vote by proxy. All shares represented by valid proxies that we receive through this solicitation, and that are not revoked, will be voted in accordance with your instructions. You may specify whether your shares should be voted for or withheld for each nominee for director, and whether your shares should be voted for or against or you choose to abstain from voting on each of the other proposals. If you properly submit a proxy without giving specific voting instructions, your shares will be voted in accordance with the Board’s recommendations as noted below. Voting by proxy will not affect your right to attend the annual meeting. If your shares are registered directly in your name through our stock transfer agent, Computershare Trust Company, N.A., or you have stock certificates registered in your name, you may vote:

Telephone and Internet voting facilities for stockholders of record will be available 24 hours a day and will close at 11:59 p.m., Eastern Time, on June 20, 2023.

If your shares are held in “street name” (held in the name of a bank, broker or other holder of record), you will receive instructions from the holder of record. You must follow the instructions of the holder of record for your shares to be voted. Telephone and Internet voting also will be offered to stockholders owning shares through certain banks and brokers. If your shares are not registered in your own name and you plan to vote your shares virtually at the annual meeting, follow the instructions on the meeting website to submit your vote.

If any other matter is presented at the annual meeting, the individual acting as your proxy will vote your shares in accordance with his or her best judgment. At the time this proxy statement was first made available, we knew of no matters that needed to be acted on at the annual meeting, other than those discussed in this proxy statement.

If you give us your proxy, you may change or revoke it at any time before the annual meeting. You may change or revoke your proxy in any one of the following ways:

Your most current vote, whether by telephone, Internet, proxy card or online at the annual meeting is the one that will be counted.

You may receive more than one Notice or proxy card if you hold shares of our common stock in more than one account, which may be in registered form or held in street name. Please vote in the manner described above under “How Do I Vote?” for each account to ensure that all your shares are voted.

If your shares are registered in your name or if you have stock certificates, they will not be counted if you do not vote as described above under “How Do I Vote?” If your shares are held in street name and you do not provide voting instructions to the bank, broker or other holder of record that holds your shares, the bank, broker or other holder of record that holds your shares has the authority to vote your unvoted shares only on the ratification of the appointment of our independent registered public accounting firm (Proposal 3) without receiving instructions from you. Therefore, we encourage you to provide voting instructions to your bank, broker or other holder of record. This ensures your shares will be voted at the annual meeting and in the manner you desire. A “broker non-vote” will occur if your broker cannot vote your shares on a matter because it has not received instructions from you and does not have discretionary voting authority on that matter or because your broker chooses not to vote on a matter for which it does have discretionary voting authority.

We will keep all the proxies and voting tabulations private. We only let our Inspectors of Election, a representative of Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C., a representative of Computershare Trust Company, N.A., our transfer agent, and a representative of Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc., our proxy service provider, who will be acting as vote tabulator, examine these documents. Management will not know how you voted on a specific proposal unless it is necessary to meet legal requirements. We will, however, forward to management any written comments you make on the proxy card or that you otherwise provide.

The preliminary voting results will be announced at the annual meeting, and we will publish preliminary, or final results, if available, in a Current Report on Form 8-K within four business days of the annual meeting. If final results are unavailable at the time we file the Form 8-K, then we will file an amended report on Form 8-K to disclose the final voting results within four business days after the final voting results are known.

We will pay all of the costs of soliciting these proxies. Our directors and employees may solicit proxies in person or by telephone, fax, or email. We will not pay these employees and directors additional compensation for these services. We will ask banks, brokers, and other holders of record to forward these proxy materials to their principals and to obtain authority to execute proxies. We will then reimburse them for their expenses.

We have engaged Alliance Advisors, LLC to assist in the solicitation of proxies, and provide related advice and informational support in exchange for a services fee and the reimbursement of customary disbursements, which are not expected to exceed $25,000 in total.

The presence, virtually or by proxy, of the holders of a majority of the voting power of all the shares of our capital stock entitled to vote at the annual meeting is necessary to constitute a quorum at the annual meeting.

This year, our annual meeting will be held in a virtual meeting format only. The annual meeting will be held at 8:00 a.m., Eastern Time, on June 21, 2023 at www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/PIRS2023. To attend the virtual annual meeting, go to www.virtualshareholdermeeting.com/PIRS2023 shortly before the meeting time and follow the instructions for downloading the webcast. You need not attend the annual meeting to vote.

Some banks, brokers and other holders of record may be participating in the practice of “householding” proxy statements and annual reports. This means that only one Notice or, if applicable, a single copy of our proxy statement and annual report to stockholders may have been sent to multiple stockholders sharing an address. We will promptly deliver a separate copy of the Notice or, if applicable, our proxy materials and annual report to stockholders, to you upon written or oral request to Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 225 Franklin Street, 26th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02110 Telephone: (857) 246-8998, Attn: Corporate Secretary. If you want to receive separate copies of the Notice or, if applicable, the proxy statement or annual report to stockholders in the future, or if you are receiving multiple Notices or, if applicable, copies of our proxy materials, and would like to receive only one copy per household, you should contact your bank, broker or other holder of record, or you may contact us at the above address and phone number.

Most stockholders can elect to view or receive copies of future proxy materials over the Internet instead of receiving paper copies in the mail.

You can choose this option and save us the cost of producing and mailing these documents by following the instructions provided on your proxy card, if applicable, or by following the instructions provided when you vote over the Internet at www.proxyvote.com.

We have registered trademarks for Pieris®, Anticalin®, and Duocalin®. All other trademarks, trade names and service marks included in this proxy statement are the property of their respective owners. Use or display by us of other parties’ trademarks, trade dress or products is not intended to, and does not imply a relationship with, or endorsements or sponsorship of, us by the trademark, trade dress or product owner.

Unless otherwise indicated, all references to “dollars,” “$,” “U.S. $” or “U.S. dollars” are to the lawful currency of the United States. All references in this proxy statement to “euro” or “€” are to the currency introduced at the start of the third stage of the European Economic and Monetary Union pursuant to the Treaty establishing the European Community, as amended.

The reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. The functional currency of our foreign operation is the local currency of the foreign subsidiary. With respect to our financial statements, the translation from the euro to U.S. dollars is performed for balance sheet accounts using exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and for revenue and expense accounts using a weighted average exchange rate during the period. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Where in this proxy statement we refer to amounts in euros, we have for your convenience also, in certain cases, provided a conversion of those amounts to U.S. dollars in parentheses. Where the numbers refer to a specific balance sheet account date or financial statement account period, we have used the exchange rate that was used to perform the conversions in connection with the applicable financial statement. In all other instances, unless otherwise indicated, the conversions have been made using the noon buying rate of €1.00 to U.S. $1.072041 based on Xignite as of December 31, 2022.

The following table sets forth the number of shares of our common stock beneficially owned as of April 19, 2023, by (i) each of our current directors and named executive officers, (ii) all executive officers and directors as a group, and (iii) each person known by us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with applicable rules of the SEC, which generally provide that beneficial ownership includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Except as indicated by the footnotes to the table below, we believe, based on the information furnished to us, that the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock that they beneficially own, subject to applicable community property laws.

The information set forth in the table below is based on 74,519,103 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding as of April 19, 2023. In computing the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we deemed to be outstanding all shares of common stock subject to options, warrants or other convertible securities held by that person that are currently exercisable or will be exercisable within 60 days after April 19, 2023. We did not deem these shares outstanding, however, for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Except as otherwise noted in the footnotes below, the address for each person listed in the table below, solely for purposes of filings with the SEC, is c/o Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 225 Franklin Street, 26th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02110.

Our amended and restated articles of incorporation, or Articles of Incorporation, and our amended and restated bylaws, or Bylaws, provide that our business is to be managed by or under the direction of our Board of Directors. Our Board of Directors is divided into three classes for purposes of election. One class is elected at each annual meeting of stockholders to serve for a three-year term. Our Board of Directors currently consists of eight members, classified into three classes as follows: (1) Stephen S. Yoder, Michael Richman and Matthew L. Sherman, M.D. constitute a class with a term ending at the 2023 annual meeting; (2) Peter Kiener, D.Phil. and Christopher Kiritsy constitute a class with a term ending at the 2024 annual meeting; and (3) James Geraghty, Ann Barbier, M.D., Ph.D. and Maya R. Said, Sc.D. constitute a class with a term ending at the 2025 annual meeting.

Set forth below are the names of the persons nominated for election as directors and those directors whose terms do not expire this year, their ages, their offices in the Company, if any, their principal occupations or employment for at least the past five years, the length of their tenure as directors and the names of other public companies in which such persons hold or have held directorships during the past five years as of April 19, 2023. Additionally, information about the specific experience, qualifications, attributes or skills that led to our Board of Directors’ conclusion at the time of filing of this proxy statement that each person listed below should serve as a director is set forth below.

Our Board of Directors has reviewed the materiality of any relationship that each of our directors has with Pieris, either directly or indirectly. Based upon this review, our Board has determined that the following members are “independent directors” as defined by The Nasdaq Stock Market: James Geraghty, Ann Barbier, M.D., Ph.D., Peter Kiener, D.Phil., Christopher Kiritsy, Michael Richman, Maya R. Said, Sc.D. and Matthew L. Sherman, M.D.

Stephen S. Yoder. Mr. Yoder joined Pieris Pharmaceuticals GmbH as Chief Executive Officer in January 2010, and was appointed to the Board of Directors of Pieris and became Chief Executive Officer and President in 2014. From July 2003 to December 2009, he led the intellectual property and legal departments at MorphoSys AG, a biotechnology company involved in the development and research of antibodies, as General Counsel. From September 1999 to June 2003, he worked in several Washington, D.C. law firms, specializing in a life sciences intellectual property practice. Mr. Yoder holds degrees in molecular biology and Spanish from Grove City College and a Juris Doctor, with honors, from The George Washington University Law School. As an attorney, he is licensed to practice before the United States Patent and Trademark Office and in the jurisdictions of Maryland and Washington, D.C. We believe that Mr. Yoder is qualified to serve on our Board of Directors due to his intimate knowledge of our business plans and strategies, and his years of experience in the biotechnology and life sciences industry.

James Geraghty. Mr. Geraghty joined the Board of Directors of Pieris in May 2017 and was appointed as Pieris’ Chairman of the Board of Directors in December 2017. Mr. Geraghty is an industry leader with 30 years of strategic and leadership experience, including more than 20 years as a senior member of executive teams at biotechnology companies developing and commercializing innovative therapies. He was most recently, from May 2013 to October 2016, an Entrepreneur in Residence at Third Rock Ventures, a leading biotech venture and company-formation fund, and previously served as Senior Vice President, North America Strategy and Business Development at Sanofi, which he joined upon its acquisition of Genzyme. Mr. Geraghty spent 20 years at Genzyme, where his roles included Senior Vice President International Development, President of Genzyme Europe and General Manager of Genzyme's cardiovascular business. He is currently Chairman of the Board of Orchard Therapeutics, and serves as a Board member of Voyager Therapeutics and Fulcrum Therapeutics. Mr. Geraghty also serves as a member of the Board of Directors of BIO Ventures for Global Health, a private, non-profit global health organization. Mr. Geraghty previously served as Chairman of the Board of Juniper Pharmaceuticals and as a Board member of Aceragen (formerly Idera Pharmaceuticals). He started his career in healthcare strategy consulting at Bain and Company. A graduate of the Yale Law School, Mr. Geraghty holds an M.S. from the University of Pennsylvania and a B.A. from Georgetown University. We believe that Mr. Geraghty is qualified to serve on our Board of Directors due to his strong life sciences pedigree and extensive background in company building.

Ann Barbier, M.D., Ph.D. Dr. Barbier joined the Board of Directors of Pieris in April 2018. In March 2022, Dr. Barbier became the Chief Medical Officer of CAMP4 Therapeutics. Prior to this, Dr. Barbier served as the Chief Medical Officer of Translate Bio until the company's acquisition by Sanofi in September 2021. Prior to joining Translate Bio, from June 2015 to October 2017, Dr. Barbier was Vice President of Clinical Development, Rare Genetic Diseases, at Agios Pharmaceuticals, where she led the development program of two small molecules in the area of rare benign hematological diseases. Prior to Agios Pharmaceuticals, Dr. Barbier spent seven years at Shire, most recently as Global Clinical Development Lead and Senior Medical Director, where she worked on a variety of rare genetic diseases including lysosomal storage diseases and hereditary angioedema. Her prior experience includes positions at EnVivo, Johnson & Johnson and Aventis. During her career, Dr. Barbier has made significant contributions to several approved products such as idursulfase (Hunter syndrome), teriflunomide (multiple sclerosis) and icatibant (hereditary angioedema), and has led several investigational new drug applications for new chemical entities. Additionally, she has authored more than 50 peer-reviewed scientific articles, book chapters, and invited reviews. Dr. Barbier received her M.D. and Ph.D. in pharmacology from the University of Ghent, Belgium, and a Master of Science from the Free University of Brussels, Belgium. She held a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Tennessee in Memphis. We believe that Dr. Barbier is qualified to serve on our Board of Directors due to her significant experience bringing drug candidates across a wide range of indications through the clinic and to regulatory approval.

Peter Kiener, D.Phil. Dr. Kiener joined the Board of Directors of Pieris in September 2018. Most recently, Dr. Kiener served as Chief Scientific Officer at Sucampo until the company's acquisition by Mallinckrodt in February 2018. Prior to Sucampo, from September 2013 to September 2014, he served as Chief Scientific Officer of Ambrx Inc., a company focused on developing antibody-drug conjugates. Previously, Dr. Kiener was President and Co-founder of Zyngenia, Inc., a monoclonal antibody company developing drugs for oncology and inflammatory diseases. His prior experience also includes positions at MedImmune LLC, where he was Head of Global R&D, and at Bristol-Myers Squibb. Dr. Kiener currently serves as a Board member of Cue Biopharma, GT Biopharma, Inc., and Lava Therapeutics. He also serves as a board member of the private companies TetraGenetics, Inc. and iTolerance, and is the Chairman of the Board of Managers of Resolve Therapeutics, another private company. Dr. Kiener has led or contributed to the development of over 30 different clinical-stage therapeutics and seven approved drugs, including two immunoglobulin-based fusion proteins, one monoclonal antibody, two vaccines, and one bispecific T-cell engager. Additionally, he has published more than 120 papers in peer-reviewed journals and is listed as an inventor on over 60 patents and patent applications. Dr. Kiener received a B.A. in Chemistry from Lancaster University and a D.Phil. in Biochemistry from Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at Oxford University, where he also pursued a postdoctoral fellowship. We believe that Dr. Kiener is qualified to serve on our Board of Directors based upon his extensive experience across the entire value chain of biopharmaceutical research and development.

Christopher Kiritsy. Mr. Kiritsy joined the Board of Directors of Pieris in September 2016. Mr. Kiritsy is founder and managing member of Precision Kapital, LLC, a private investment and advisory firm. Prior to forming Precision Kapital, Mr. Kiritsy co-founded Arisaph Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Arisaph, and served as Arisaph’s President and Chief Executive Officer from 2005 through March 2018. Prior to Arisaph, Mr. Kiritsy served as Executive Vice President, Corporate Development and Chief Financial Officer of Kos Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Kos, where he played a key operating role in building the company from start-up to a highly profitable, publicly traded, commercial company. During his 10-year tenure at Kos, Mr. Kiritsy spearheaded more than 10 major corporate development transactions and raised approximately $500 million in public equity, including Kos’ initial public offering. Kos was acquired by Abbott Laboratories for $4 billion in 2016. Mr. Kiritsy currently serves on the Board of Directors of HTG Molecular Diagnostics, Inc. Mr. Kiritsy previously served as a Board member and Audit Committee Chair of Melinta Pharmaceuticals, Inc., as a Board member of Arisaph and as Chairman of the Board of Avaxia Biologics, Inc. Mr. Kiritsy received his A.B. in Biology from Bowdoin College and his M.B.A. from Boston University School of Business. Mr. Kiritsy is a seasoned entrepreneur, who possesses more than 20 years of business and technical experience, previously holding senior management positions in R&D, business development and finance. We believe that Mr. Kiritsy is qualified to serve on our Board of Directors based on his considerable experience in the pharmaceutical industry and his expertise in finance and corporate development.

Michael Richman. Mr. Richman joined the Board of Directors of Pieris in December 2014 and has served on the supervisory board of Pieris GmbH since October 2014. He has served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of NextCure, Inc. since July 2015. From June 2008 to July 2015, Mr. Richman was President and Chief Executive Officer of Amplimmune, Inc., a privately held biologics company focused on cancer and autoimmune diseases which was acquired by AstraZeneca in October 2013. From May 2007 to June 2008, he served as President and Chief Operating Officer of Amplimmune, Inc. Prior to such time, Mr. Richman had years of experience working in research, intellectual property and business development capacities in companies such as Chiron Corporation (now Novartis), MedImmune, Inc. (now AstraZeneca) and MacroGenics. He is a Board member of Madison Vaccines, Inc., a private company. Mr. Richman previously served as a Board member of GenVec, Inc., Opexa Therapeutics, Inc. until its merger with Acer Therapeutics Inc., and Cougar Biotechnology until its acquisition by Johnson & Johnson. Mr. Richman obtained his B.S. in genetics/molecular biology at the University of California at Davis and his M.S.B.A. in international business at San Francisco State University. We believe that Mr. Richman is qualified to serve on our Board of Directors due to his extensive experience in mergers and acquisitions, business development and strategic planning for life science companies, as well as executive leadership and management experience.

Maya R. Said, Sc.D. Dr. Said joined the Board of Directors of Pieris in July 2019. Dr. Said is the Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Outcomes4Me Inc., a private health technology company focused on providing patients diagnosed with cancer and other chronic life-altering diseases with personalized treatment options as well as outcomes information. From 2017 to 2018, she served as the Chief Operating Officer of Celsius Therapeutics, where she established and managed the company’s operations from inception through the company’s first year post-launch. Before founding Outcomes4Me in 2017, Dr. Said was Senior Vice President, Global Head of Oncology Policy & Market Access at Novartis from 2015 to 2017, where she defined Novartis’ oncology franchise value and pricing strategy to address pricing pressures and established global pricing guidance for numerous oncology products. Prior to that, she served as Vice President, Head of Strategy, Science Policy & External Innovation, Global R&D at Sanofi, and as Principal at Boston Consulting Group. She currently serves on the Board of Transgene, a private company. Dr. Said received her Sc.D. in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science & Systems Biology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she also obtained a Master of Engineering in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, a Master of Science in Toxicology, a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and a Bachelor of Science in Biology. We believe that Dr. Said is qualified to serve on our Board of Directors due to her deep scientific knowledge with respect to cancer, understanding of large pharma’s inner-workings and appreciation of the need to bring high-value therapies to patients.

Matthew L. Sherman, M.D. Dr. Sherman joined the Board of Directors of Pieris in October 2018. In October 2019, Dr. Sherman became and currently is Executive Vice President and Chief Medical Officer at Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, and provides executive leadership for medical research and clinical development, clinical operations and medical affairs including biostatistics, clinical pharmacology, translational medicine and pharmacovigilance. From October 2006 through July 2018, Dr. Sherman was Executive Vice President (2015 to 2018) and Chief Medical Officer (2006 to 2018) at Acceleron Pharma, Inc., or Acceleron. At Acceleron, Dr. Sherman provided executive leadership for medical research, clinical operations, biostatistics, data management, clinical pharmacology and pharmacovigilance. Before joining Acceleron in 2006, Dr. Sherman was Senior Vice President and Chief Medical Officer at Synta Pharmaceuticals, where he oversaw all therapeutic areas, including oncology, inflammatory diseases and immunology. Previously, Dr. Sherman spent over a decade at Wyeth-Ayerst Research/Genetics Institute in numerous clinical research and development roles. Prior to his career in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry, Dr. Sherman spent nine years at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, ultimately as an Assistant Professor of Medicine. Dr. Sherman previously served as a Board member of Pulmatrix, Inc. and of NewLink Genetics Corp prior to its merger with Lumos Pharma. He has authored more than 260 original articles, review chapters and abstracts, and is listed as an inventor on 11 issued patents. Dr. Sherman received a B.S. in Chemistry from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and an M.D. from Dartmouth Medical School. He completed his internal medicine residency at Georgetown University Medical Center. We believe that Dr. Sherman is qualified to serve on our Board of Directors as he is a physician-scientist with extensive clinical development expertise in oncology, hematology and pulmonary diseases across large pharma, biopharma and venture-funded biotechnology startup companies.

In August 2021, the SEC approved a Nasdaq Stock Market proposal to adopt new listing rules relating to board diversity and disclosure. The new Nasdaq listing rules require all Nasdaq listed companies to disclose consistent, transparent diversity statistics regarding their boards of directors. The rules also require most Nasdaq listed companies to have, or explain why they do not have, at least two diverse directors, including one who self-identifies as female and one who self-identifies as either an under-represented minority or LGBTQ+, or in the case of a smaller reporting company at least one who self-identifies as female and one who self-identifies as one or more of the following: female, LGBTQ+, or an under-represented minority. As we are a smaller reporting company, we meet this rule by having two directors who self-identify as female. In addition, we consider the Middle Eastern/North African category to be ethnically diverse and distinct from White, and we have one director who is Middle Eastern/North African. This is reflected in our matrix below.

Meeting Attendance. Our Board of Directors met eight times during 2022. During 2022, each director attended at least 75% of the aggregate of the number of Board meetings and the number of meetings held by all committees on which he or she served. The Board of Directors has adopted a policy under which each member of the Board of Directors makes every effort to, but is not required to, attend each annual meeting of our stockholders. Each of our directors attended our annual meeting of stockholders in 2022.

Audit Committee. Our Audit Committee’s role and responsibilities are set forth in the Audit Committee’s written charter and include the authority to retain and terminate the services of our independent registered public accounting firm. In addition, the Audit Committee reviews annual financial statements, considers matters relating to accounting policy and internal controls and reviews the scope of annual audits. This committee currently has three members, Christopher Kiritsy (Chairman), James Geraghty and Peter Kiener, D.Phil. All members of the Audit Committee satisfy the current independence standards promulgated by the SEC and by The Nasdaq Stock Market, as such standards apply specifically to members of audit committees. The Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Kiritsy is an “audit committee financial expert,” as the SEC has defined that term in Item 407 of Regulation S-K. The Audit Committee met five times during 2022. Please also see the report of the Audit Committee set forth elsewhere in this proxy statement.

A copy of the Audit Committee’s written charter is publicly available on our website at www.pieris.com.

Compensation and Management Development Committee. Our Compensation and Management Development Committee’s role and responsibilities are set forth in the Compensation and Management Development Committee’s written charter and include reviewing, approving and making recommendations regarding our compensation policies, practices and procedures to ensure that legal and fiduciary responsibilities of the Board of Directors are carried out and that such policies, practices and procedures contribute to our success. This committee currently has three members, Christopher Kiritsy (Chairman), Michael Richman and Matthew L. Sherman, M.D. All members of the Compensation and Management Development Committee qualify as independent under the definition promulgated by The Nasdaq Stock Market. The Compensation and Management Development Committee met nine times during 2022.

A copy of the Compensation and Management Development Committee’s written charter is publicly available on our website at www.pieris.com.

Compensation and Management Development Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation.

During 2022, the Compensation and Management Development Committee members were Christopher Kiritsy (Chairman), Michael Richman and Matthew L. Sherman, M.D., none of whom currently is, or formerly was, an officer or employee of the Company. In 2022, none of our executive officers served on the board of directors or compensation committee of any entity that had one or more executive officers serving as a member of our Board of Directors or Compensation and Management Development Committee. There are no family relationships between or among the members of our Board of Directors or executive officers.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee met four times during 2022 and has four members, James Geraghty (Chairman), Ann Barbier, M.D., Ph.D., Michael Richman and Maya R. Said, Sc.D. The Board of Directors has determined that all members of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee qualify as independent under the definition promulgated by The Nasdaq Stock Market. Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s responsibilities are set forth in the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s written charter and include evaluating and making recommendations to the full Board of Directors as to the composition or organization and governance of the Board of Directors and its committees, evaluating and making recommendations as to potential director candidates, evaluating the performance of current members of the Board of Directors, overseeing the process for CEO and other executive officer succession planning and developing and recommending governance guidelines for the Company.

In addition, under our current corporate governance policies, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee considers candidates recommended by stockholders as well as from other sources such as other directors or officers, third-party search firms or other appropriate sources. Once identified, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will evaluate a candidate’s qualifications in accordance with our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Policy Regarding Qualifications of Directors appended to our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s written charter. Threshold criteria include: personal integrity and sound judgment, business and professional skills and experience, independence, knowledge of the industry, possible conflicts of interest, the extent to which the candidate would fill a present need on the Board of Directors, diversity among the Board of Directors and concern for the long-term interests of the stockholders.

The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will consider issues of diversity among its members in identifying and considering nominees for director and strive where appropriate to achieve a diverse balance of backgrounds, perspectives, experience, age, gender, ethnicity and professional experience on the Board of Directors and its committees.

If a stockholder wishes to propose a candidate for consideration as a nominee for election to the Board of Directors, it must follow the procedures described in our Bylaws and in “Stockholder Proposals and Nominations for Director” at the end of this proxy statement. In general, persons recommended by stockholders will be considered on the same basis as candidates from other sources. Any such recommendation should be made in writing to the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee at: Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 225 Franklin Street, 26th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, Attn: Corporate Secretary. Such recommendation should be accompanied by the candidate's name, appropriate biographical information, relevant qualifications, and any other information as required by our Bylaws. The recommendation must be delivered prior to the same deadline for director nominations not for inclusion in the proxy materials as discussed in “Stockholder Proposals and Nominations for Director” at the end of this proxy statement.

A copy of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s written charter, including its appendix, is publicly available on our website at www.pieris.com.

Science and Technology Committee. Our Science and Technology Committee’s role and responsibilities are set forth in the Science and Technology Committee’s written charter, and include assisting the Board of Directors’ oversight of the Company’s research and development activities and advising the Board of Directors with respect to strategic and tactical scientific issues. This committee currently has four members, Peter Kiener, D.Phil. (Chairman), Ann Barbier, M.D., Ph.D., Matthew L. Sherman, M.D. and Maya R. Said, Sc.D. The Science and Technology Committee met four times during 2022.

A copy of the Science and Technology Committee’s written charter is publicly available on the Company’s website at www.pieris.com.

In accordance with our Articles of Incorporation, our Board of Directors is divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. At each annual meeting of stockholders, the successors to directors whose terms then expire will be elected to serve from the time of election and qualification until the third annual meeting following the election. The authorized number of directors may be changed by resolution of the Board of Directors. Vacancies on the Board of Directors can be filled by resolution or a majority vote of the remaining directors then in office, even if less than a quorum, or by a sole remaining director of the Board of Directors. Our principles of corporate governance give the Board of Directors the authority to choose whether the roles of Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer are held by one person or two people. Our principles also give the Board of Directors the authority to change this policy if it deems it best for the Company at any time. Currently, two separate individuals serve in the positions of Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company. We believe that our current leadership structure is optimal for the Company at this time.

Our Board of Directors has seven independent members and one non-independent member, our President and Chief Executive Officer. We believe that the number of independent, experienced directors that make up our Board of Directors, along with the independent oversight of the Board of Directors by the Non-Executive Chairman, benefits our Company and our stockholders. All of our independent directors have demonstrated leadership in other organizations and are familiar with board of director processes.

Mr. Yoder, Mr. Richman and Dr. Sherman are the Class III directors, and their terms will expire at the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders of the Company. Dr. Kiener and Mr. Kiritsy are the Class I directors, and their terms will expire at the 2024 annual meeting of stockholders of the Company. Mr. Geraghty, Dr. Barbier, and Dr. Said are the Class II directors, and their terms will expire at the 2025 annual meeting of stockholders of the Company. The division of our Board of Directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms may delay or prevent a change of our management or a change in control.

Our management is principally responsible for defining the various risks facing the Company, formulating risk management policies and procedures, and managing our risk exposures on a day-to-day basis. The Board of Directors’ principal responsibility in this area is to monitor our risk management processes by informing itself concerning our material risks and evaluating whether management has reasonable controls in place to address the material risks, and to ensure that sufficient resources, with appropriate technical and managerial skills, are provided throughout the Company to identify, assess and facilitate processes and practices to address material risk. The involvement of the Board of Directors in reviewing our business strategy is an integral aspect of the Board of Directors’ assessment of management’s tolerance for risk and its determination of what constitutes an appropriate level of risk for the Company.

While the full Board of Directors has overall responsibility for risk oversight, the Board of Directors may elect to delegate oversight responsibility related to certain risks to committees, which in turn would then report on the matters discussed at the committee level to the full Board of Directors. For instance, the Audit Committee could focus on the material risks facing the Company, including operational, market, credit, liquidity, cybersecurity and legal risks and the Compensation and Management Development Committee could be charged with reviewing and discussing with management whether our compensation arrangements are consistent with effective controls and sound risk management.

Our Board of Directors undertook a review of the composition of our Board of Directors and independence of each of our current and former directors. Based upon information requested from and provided by each director concerning his or her background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our Board of Directors has determined that each of James Geraghty, Michael Richman, Peter Kiener, D.Phil., Christopher Kiritsy, Ann Barbier, M.D., Ph.D., Matthew L. Sherman, M.D., and Maya R. Said, Sc.D. qualify as “independent” as that term is defined by Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2). Stephen S. Yoder would not qualify as “independent” under applicable Nasdaq Listing Rules applicable to the Board of Directors generally or to separately designated board committees because he currently serves as our Chief Executive Officer. In making such determinations, our Board of Directors considered the relationships that each of our non-employee directors has with our Company and all other facts and circumstances deemed relevant in determining independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each non-employee director.

Subject to some exceptions, Nasdaq Listing Rule 5605(a)(2) provides that a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of our Board of Directors, that person does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director, and that a director cannot be an “independent director” if (a) the director is, or in the past three years has been, an employee of ours; (b) a member of the director’s immediate family is, or in the past three years has been, an executive officer of ours; (c) the director or a member of the director’s immediate family has received more than $120,000 per year in direct compensation from us within the preceding three years, other than for service as a director or benefits under a tax-qualified retirement plan or non-discretionary compensation (or, for a family member, as a non-executive employee); (d) the director or a member of the director’s immediate family is a current partner of our independent public accounting firm, or has worked for such firm in any capacity on our audit at any time during the past three years; (e) the director or a member of the director’s immediate family is, or in the past three years has been, employed as an executive officer of a company where one of our executive officers serves on the compensation committee of that company; or (f) the director or a member of the director’s immediate family is an executive officer, partner or controlling stockholder of a company that makes payments to, or receives payments from, us in an amount which, in any 12-month period during our past three fiscal years, exceeds the greater of 5% of the recipient’s consolidated gross revenues for that year or $200,000 (except for payments arising solely from investments in our securities or payments under non-discretionary charitable contribution matching programs). Additionally, in order to be considered an independent member of an audit committee under Rule 10A-3 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, a member of an audit committee may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the audit committee, the Board of Directors, or any other committee of the Board of Directors, accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory, or other compensatory fee from the Company or any of its subsidiaries or otherwise be an affiliated person of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. To be considered an independent member of the Compensation and Management Development Committee under Rule 10C-1 under the Exchange Act, the Board must consider and determine whether a director has a relationship with the Company that is material to that director's ability to be independent from management in connection with the duties of a compensation committee member, including, but not limited to: the source of compensation of the director, including any consulting advisory or other compensatory fee paid by the Company to the director; and whether the director is affiliated with the Company or any of its subsidiaries or affiliates.

Generally, stockholders who have questions or concerns should contact our Investor Relations department at (857) 246-8998. However, any stockholder who wishes to address questions regarding our business directly with the Board of Directors, or any individual director, should direct his or her questions in writing to Pieris Pharmaceuticals Inc., 225 Franklin Street, 26th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, Attn: Corporate Secretary or via e-mail at auditcommittee@pieris.com. Communications will be distributed to the Board of Directors, or to any individual director or directors as appropriate, depending on the facts and circumstances outlined in the communications. Items that are unrelated to the duties and responsibilities of the Board of Directors may be excluded, such as junk mail and mass mailings, resumes and other forms of job inquiries, surveys and solicitations or advertisements.

In addition, any material that is unduly hostile, threatening or illegal in nature may be excluded, in which case it will be made available to any outside director upon request.

The following table sets forth certain information as of April 19, 2023 regarding our executive officers who are not also members of our Board of Directors. Information regarding our Chief Executive Officer, Stephen S. Yoder, can be found under the caption “The Board of Directors” above.

Hitto Kaufmann, Ph.D. Dr. Kaufmann joined Pieris in September 2019 as Senior Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer. Prior to joining Pieris, Dr. Kaufmann was at Sanofi, where he was Global Head Strategy and Operations, Sanofi R&D from October 2018 through July 2019, Global Vice President, BioPharmaceutics Development and Platform Innovation, Sanofi R&D from September 2015 through September 2018 and prior to that, Vice President, Technology and Development for Sanofi Biologics from July 2014 through August 2015. At Sanofi, Dr. Kaufmann led the integration of Ablynx into Sanofi’s research and development infrastructure, as well as a global team of over 700 people that was responsible for the development and implementation of drug substance and drug product manufacturing processes for biologics, while spearheading Sanofi’s efforts to harness big data and deploy artificial intelligence to streamline its biologics-based drug discovery efforts. Previously, he was Vice President, Process Science in the Biopharmaceuticals Division of Boehringer Ingelheim from May 2011 to June 2014. He began his career as a Research Scientist at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute in Melbourne. Dr. Kaufmann received his Ph.D. in Natural Science from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and his Master of Science in Biotechnology at the Technical University of Braunschweig and The Scripps Research Institute. Dr. Kaufmann currently serves as Vice Chairman of the European Society of Animal Cell Technology and has authored over 25 peer-reviewed publications.

Thomas Bures. Mr. Bures joined Pieris in December 2017 and served in the role of Vice President, Finance, until becoming Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in October 2021. Prior to his tenure with Pieris, from June 2015 to December 2017, Mr. Bures served as Vice President and Corporate Controller of Genocea Biosciences, Inc. Prior to that, he served as Vice President and Assistant Controller of Parexel International. He began his career at Ernst & Young. Mr. Bures received his B.A. in Accounting and Finance from the College of the Holy Cross.

Ahmed Mousa. Mr. Mousa joined Pieris in January 2016 and now serves as Senior Vice President, Chief Business Officer, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary. Mr. Mousa previously held various roles at Pieris, most recently as Senior Vice President of Corporate Operations, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary from January 2020 through October 2021. Prior to joining Pieris, Mr. Mousa was an attorney with the law firm Covington & Burling LLP, where he represented pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in a range of matters. He was also previously a law clerk at the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and an IP Associate at the law firm Kirkland & Ellis LLP. Mr. Mousa obtained undergraduate degrees in Molecular Biology and Government from Cornell University, a Master’s degree in Biotechnology from Johns Hopkins University, and his Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center.

Shane Olwill, Ph.D. Dr. Olwill joined Pieris in June 2011 and currently serves as Senior Vice President and Chief Development Officer. Dr. Olwill previously served in various roles, including as Senior Vice President of Translational Science from January 2020 through August 2021 before assuming his current role. At Pieris, Dr. Olwill leads translational team activities relating to the development of a pipeline of innovative biologics across immuno-oncology and respiratory disease. Dr. Olwill provides strategic oversight and guidance to project leaders and functional experts throughout our Translational Science Department. Dr. Olwill received his B.S. in Biomedical Science and Ph.D. in Molecular Haematology from the University of Ulster, Coleraine in the United Kingdom.

We qualify as a “smaller reporting company” under the rules promulgated by the SEC, and we have elected to comply with the disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies. Accordingly, this executive compensation summary is not intended to meet the “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” disclosure required of larger reporting companies.

Our rewards programs are designed to support our overarching goal of becoming a fully-integrated biotechnology company. We recognize that talented people are critical in driving us towards success in pursuing this goal, and that their total compensation should be commensurate with our success. As such, the objectives of our rewards programs are:

When establishing target pay levels, we seek to target the median of the market and allow for discretion to ensure we are hiring best-in-class talent, while providing future compensation opportunities that are commensurate with the market and reflect the individual’s role and experience. It is expected that some individuals will be positioned above or below market median based on particular facts and circumstances. Incentive pay outcomes (e.g., actual earned bonus) are not guaranteed, and actual pay will be reflective of success towards our stated Company and individual goals and objectives, as well as stockholder value creation.

Role of the Compensation and Management Development Committee and Compensation Consultant

Our Compensation and Management Development Committee is responsible for the determination of the compensation of our Chief Executive Officer and conducts its decision-making process with respect to that topic without the Chief Executive Officer, or any other executive officers, present. Our Compensation and Management Development Committee has been delegated the authority to administer our 2014 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, or 2014 Plan, our 2016 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, or 2016 Plan, our 2018 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, or 2018 Plan, our 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or 2018 ESPP, our 2019 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, or 2019 Plan, our 2020 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, or 2020 Plan, and our 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or 2023 ESPP, if approved by our stockholders.

The Compensation and Management Development Committee has the authority to directly retain the services of independent consultants and other experts to assist in fulfilling its responsibilities. The Compensation and Management Development Committee has engaged the services of Pearl Meyer & Partners LLC, or Pearl Meyer, a national executive compensation consulting firm, to review and provide recommendations concerning all of the components of the Company’s executive compensation program. Pearl Meyer performs services solely on behalf of the Compensation and Management Development Committee and has no relationship with the Company or management except as it may relate to performing such services. Pearl Meyer assists the Compensation and Management Development Committee in defining our peer companies for executive compensation and practices, and in benchmarking our executive compensation program against the peer group. Pearl Meyer also assists the Compensation and Management Development Committee in benchmarking our director compensation program and practices against those of our peers. The Compensation and Management Development Committee has assessed the independence of Pearl Meyer pursuant to SEC rules and the corporate governance rules of The Nasdaq Stock Market and concluded that no conflict of interest exists that would prevent Pearl Meyer from independently representing the Compensation and Management Development Committee.

The Compensation and Management Development Committee reviews the performance of each named executive officer in light of the above factors, as described in more detail in “Narrative Disclosure to Summary Compensation Table” below, and determines whether the named executive officer should receive any increase in base salary, annual bonus award or discretionary equity award based on such evaluation.

At the 2023 annual meeting, we will be conducting a say-on-pay vote as described in Proposal 5. At the 2020 annual meeting, our stockholders voted in favor of an annual vote on executive compensation, consistent with our Board of Directors’ recommendation. Because we value the opinions of our stockholders, the Board of Directors and Compensation and Management Development Committee will consider the outcome of the say-on-pay vote when making compensation decisions for our named executive officers in the future. At the 2022 annual meeting, 95% of the votes cast voted in favor of our executive compensation.

The following table summarizes the compensation earned in each of our fiscal years that ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 by our named executive officers, which consisted of our principal executive officer and our two next most highly compensated executive officers who earned more than $100,000 during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 and were serving as executive officers as of such date. We refer to the executive officers listed below as the Named Executive Officers.

The Compensation and Management Development Committee has adopted the following processes and procedures for the consideration and determination of executive and director compensation: In establishing compensation amounts for executives, the Compensation and Management Development Committee seeks to provide compensation that is competitive in light of current market conditions and industry practices. Accordingly, the Compensation and Management Development Committee will generally review market data, which is comprised of proxy-disclosed data from peer companies and information from nationally recognized published surveys for the biopharmaceutical industry, adjusted for size. The market data helps the Compensation and Management Development Committee gain perspective on the compensation levels and practices at the peer companies and to assess the relative competitiveness of the compensation paid to our executives. The market data thus guides the Compensation and Management Development Committee in its efforts to set executive compensation levels and program targets at competitive levels for comparable roles in the marketplace. The Compensation and Management Development Committee then considers other factors, such as the importance of each executive officer’s role to the Company, individual expertise, experience, performance, retention concerns and relevant compensation trends in the marketplace, in making its final compensation determinations. The Compensation and Management Development Committee works with its consultant, Pearl Meyer, in these activities.

In addition to each officer’s base salary, our executive officer compensation program consists of a cash incentive bonus plan and discretionary stock option awards in addition to customary benefits. The amounts of compensation awarded for each element of the Company’s compensation program (i.e., base salary, bonuses and stock options) are reviewed in connection with the Company’s performance.

Annual base salaries compensate our executive officers for fulfilling the requirements of their respective positions and provide them with a level of cash income predictability and stability with respect to a portion of their total compensation. We believe that the level of an executive officer’s base salary should reflect the executive’s performance, experience and breadth of responsibilities, our understanding of salaries for similar positions within our industry and any other factors relevant to that particular job.

Base salaries are typically negotiated at the outset of an executive’s employment in connection with an offer of employment and employment agreement. Salary levels are considered annually as part of our performance review process, but also in cases including promotion or other changes in the job responsibilities of an executive officer. Merit and Company-wide general increases are also taken into consideration when determining increases to base salary.

For 2021 and 2022, bonuses were paid in cash and determined based upon the achievement of performance metrics related to our corporate objectives, including objectives pertaining to our advancement of clinical and preclinical programs and achievement of corporate development and financing initiatives.

Performance Goals. In general, our Compensation and Management Development Committee approves all bonus payments to our executive officers based upon the attainment of performance targets established by the Compensation and Management Development Committee and related to scientific, operational, and financial metrics with respect to the Company or any of its subsidiaries (the “Performance Goals”), which may include, among others, business development and financing milestones; developmental, clinical or regulatory milestones; strategic transactions; clinical trial milestones and results, any of which may be measured in absolute terms or compared to any incremental increase or measured in terms of growth. Further, any Performance Goals may be used to measure the performance of the Company as a whole or as a business unit or other segment of the Company. Any bonuses paid are based upon objectively determinable bonus formulas that tie such bonuses to one or more Performance Goals. The bonus formulas are adopted by the Compensation and Management Development Committee and communicated to each executive officer. No bonuses are paid unless and until the Compensation and Management Development Committee makes a determination with respect to the attainment of the performance objectives. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Compensation and Management Development Committee may adjust bonuses payable based on achievement of individual performance goals or pay bonuses (including, without limitation, discretionary bonuses) to executives based upon such other terms and conditions as the Compensation and Management Development Committee may in its discretion determine. The bonuses payable may be paid in equity or cash.

2022 Performance Goals and Performance Goal Achievement. In early 2022, our Compensation and Management Development Committee reviewed and approved our 2022 Performance Goals and subsequently evaluated the Company's performance against those goals in early 2023. The 2022 Performance Goals were divided into five categories that the Compensation and Management Development Committee determined advanced the Company's overall corporate strategy: (a) research and development, including advancement of our key assets cinrebafusp alfa, PRS-344, elarekibep (formerly referenced as "PRS-060"), PRS-220, and certain other respiratory drug candidates, along with certain improvements to our Anticalin® platform (45%); (b) corporate development and financing, which involved advancing the Company's business development efforts, advancing current partnership assets, and exploring potential meaningful additional partnerships for the Company's portfolio of drug candidates (25%); (c) finance, including appropriate FP&A planning, accounting and auditing activities, investor relations, and corporate communications (10%); (d) culture and talent development, including employee engagement, development and employee satisfaction goals (10%); and (e) compliance and quality, which involved achievement of compliance and quality goals set for various departments (10%). Performance under each category is evaluated on a 0-100% scale. Our evaluation system also permits consideration of areas of overachievement when we exceed our stated goals and when the Compensation and Management Development Committee sets examples of potential areas for overachievement. The Compensation and Management Development Committee considers any overachievement when assessing our level of goal achievement. In early 2023, the Compensation and Management Development Committee considered each of the 2022 Performance Goals in detail, including any potential overachievement, and determined that we had achieved 70% of the 2022 Performance Goals on an overall basis.

Cash Bonus Compensation. Based on the 2022 Corporate Performance Goals achievement of 70%, our Compensation and Management Development Committee approved cash bonus payments to (i) Mr. Yoder in the amount of $197,689 (70% of target bonus), (ii) Mr. Mousa in the amount of $111,034 (70% of target bonus), and (iii) Mr. Bures in the amount of $106,708 (70% of target bonus).

Historically, we have generally granted stock options to our employees, including our named executive officers, in connection with their initial employment with us. We also have historically granted stock options on an annual basis as part of annual performance reviews of our employees.

Our equity award program is the primary vehicle for offering long-term incentives to our executives. We do not have any equity ownership guidelines for our executives, which is consistent with other pre-commercial biotechnology companies that use stock options as the long-term incentive vehicle. Further, we believe that equity grants provide our executives with a strong link to our long-term performance, create an ownership culture and help to align the interests of our executives and our stockholders. In addition, the vesting feature of our equity awards contributes to executive retention by providing an incentive for our executives to remain in our employment during the vesting period. We expect that our Compensation and Management Development Committee will continue to use annual equity awards to compensate our executive officers. We may also make additional discretionary grants, typically in connection with the promotion of an employee, to reward an employee, for retention purposes or in other circumstances as the Compensation and Management Development Committee deems appropriate.

From time to time, we have provided our named executive officers with employee benefits that our Board believes are reasonable. Our named executive officers are eligible to participate in the same broad-based employee benefit plans that are offered to our other employees, such as health insurance, disability insurance, life insurance and a 401(k) plan.

These benefits are provided as part of the basic conditions of employment for all of our employees, and therefore providing them to our named executive officers does not represent a significant incremental cost to us. We do not view employee benefits as a significant element of our comprehensive compensation structure, but do believe they can be useful in attracting, motivating and retaining the executive talent for which we compete. We believe that these additional benefits may assist our named executive officers in performing their duties and provide time efficiencies for our named executive officers in appropriate circumstances, and we may consider providing additional employee benefits in the future. All future practices regarding employee benefits will be approved and subject to periodic review by the Compensation and Management Development Committee.

We have adopted an incentive compensation recoupment policy that is applicable to our executive officers, and such other of our senior executives as may be determined by the Compensation and Management Development Committee. If we determine that we must restate our financial results as reported in a periodic or other report filed with the SEC to correct an accounting error due to material noncompliance with any financial reporting requirement under the U.S. securities laws, we will seek to recover, at the direction of the Compensation and Management Development Committee, after it has reviewed the facts and circumstances that led to the requirement of the restatement and the costs and benefits of seeking recovery, incentive compensation, both cash and equity-based, awarded or paid within one year following the filing of the financial report giving rise to the restatement to an officer covered by the policy whose intentional misconduct caused or contributed to the need for the restatement for a fiscal period if a lower award or payment would have been made to such officer based on the restated financial results. Furthermore, we will seek to recoup incentive compensation that is used in such a way that violates Pieris’ “Insider Trading Policy,” as made available on our website at www.pieris.com, for example by engaging in transactions involving hedging devices or Company securities that are used to secure a margin or other loan.

We consider it essential to the best interests of our stockholders to foster the continuous employment of our key management personnel. In this regard, we recognize that the possibility of a change in control may exist and that the uncertainty and questions that it may raise among management could result in the departure or distraction of management personnel to the detriment of the Company and our stockholders. In order to reinforce and encourage the continued attention and dedication of certain key members of management, we have entered into written employment agreements with certain of our named executive officers that, while at-will, contain certain change in control and severance provisions.

Stephen S. Yoder serves as our President and Chief Executive Officer pursuant to an employment agreement dated December 17, 2014, which provides for a continuous term and may be terminated by either party at any time, provided that if Mr. Yoder resigns, he shall provide us with at least 90 days’ prior written notice. Mr. Yoder is eligible to receive an annual bonus of up to 50% of his annual base salary based upon achievement of individual and corporate performance objectives as determined by the Compensation and Management Development Committee in its sole discretion. The Compensation and Management Development Committee increased Mr. Yoder’s annual base salary to $584,595 in 2023.

Pursuant to his employment agreement, Mr. Yoder is prohibited during the term of the agreement, subject to certain exceptions, from (i) accepting any other employment or consultancy, (ii) serving on the board of directors or similar body of any other entity, unless approved by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, and (iii) acquiring, assuming or participating in, directly or indirectly, any financial position, investment or interest known by Mr. Yoder to be adverse or antagonistic to us, our business or prospects, financial or otherwise, or in any competing business.

Mr. Yoder’s employment agreement also contains (i) customary confidentiality obligations which are not limited by the term of the agreement, (ii) certain non-compete provisions extending during the term of the agreement and one year thereafter, and (iii) certain non-solicitation provisions during the term of the agreement and for one year thereafter. Mr. Yoder also agreed to assign certain intellectual property rights to us.

Ahmed Mousa, Senior Vice President, Chief Business Officer, and General Counsel

Pursuant to his employment agreement, Mr. Mousa is prohibited during the term of the agreement, subject to certain exceptions, from (i) accepting any other employment or consultancy, (ii) serving on the board of directors or similar body of any other entity, and (iii) acquiring, assuming or participating in, directly or indirectly, any financial position, investment or interest known by Mr. Mousa to be adverse or antagonistic to us, our business or prospects, financial or otherwise, or in any competing business.

Mr. Mousa also signed agreements that include (i) customary confidentiality obligations which are not limited by the term of the agreement, (ii) certain non-compete provisions extending during the term of the agreement and one year thereafter, and (iii) certain non-solicitation provisions during the term of the agreement and for one year thereafter. Mr. Mousa also agreed to assign certain intellectual property rights to us.

Mr. Bures serves as our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and is employed at will pursuant to an employment agreement effective October 6, 2021. Mr. Bures is eligible to receive an annual bonus of up to 40% of his annual base salary based upon achievement of individual and corporate performance objectives as determined by the Compensation and Management Development Committee in its sole discretion. The Compensation Committee set Mr. Bures' annual base salary to $400,155 in 2023.

Pursuant to his employment agreement, Mr. Bures is prohibited during the term of the agreement, subject to certain exceptions, from (i) accepting any other employment or consultancy, (ii) serving on the board of directors or similar body of any other entity, and (iii) acquiring, assuming or participating in, directly or indirectly, any financial position, investment or interest known by Mr. Bures to be adverse or antagonistic to us, our business or prospects, financial or otherwise, or in any competing business.

Mr. Bures also signed agreements that include (i) customary confidentiality obligations which are not limited by the term of the agreement, (ii) certain non-compete provisions extending during the term of the agreement and one year thereafter, and (iii) certain non-solicitation provisions during the term of the agreement and for one year thereafter. Mr. Bures also agreed to assign certain intellectual property rights to us.

Mr. Yoder’s employment agreement provides that if Mr. Yoder’s employment is terminated (i) by us without cause or (ii) by him for good reason, then we must pay Mr. Yoder (a) a lump-sum payment equal to 12 months of his base salary, (b) a pro rata portion of the bonus for the year in which the termination occurs, based on year-to-date performance as determined by the Board of Directors, or a committee thereof, in its sole discretion, (c) an amount equal to his health insurance premium, paid directly or as a reimbursement to Mr. Yoder, for up to a maximum of 12 months and (d) all unvested equity awards then held by Mr. Yoder will immediately vest in full and become exercisable. The severance and acceleration of any unvested options is expressly conditioned on Mr. Yoder executing and delivering to us a release of claims.

Mr. Yoder’s employment agreement also provides that if within 12 months following a change of control, Mr. Yoder’s employment is terminated (i) by us without cause or (ii) by him for good reason, and Mr. Yoder executes and delivers to us a release of claims, then he will receive (a) a lump-sum payment equal to 12 months of his base salary at the time of his termination, (b) his target bonus amount for the year in which the termination occurs, (c) an amount equal to 12 months of his health insurance premium, paid directly or as a reimbursement to Mr. Yoder, and (d) all outstanding unvested equity awards will immediately vest in full and become exercisable following termination and any forfeiture restrictions will immediately lapse.

Ahmed Mousa, Senior Vice President, Chief Business Officer, and General Counsel

Mr. Mousa’s employment agreement provides that if Mr. Mousa’s employment is terminated (i) by us without cause or (ii) by him for good reason, then we must pay Mr. Mousa a lump sum payment equal to 9 months of 75% of his base salary. The severance and acceleration of any unvested options is expressly conditioned on Mr. Mousa executing and delivering to us a release of claims.

Mr. Mousa’s employment agreement also provides that if, following a change of control, Mr. Mousa’s employment is terminated (i) by us without cause or (ii) by him for good reason, and Mr. Mousa executes and delivers to us a release of claims, then he will receive (a) a lump-sum payment equal to 12 months of his base salary at the time of his termination, (b) his target bonus amount for the year in which the termination occurs, (c) an amount equal to 12 months of his health insurance premium, paid directly or as a reimbursement to Mr. Mousa, and (d) all outstanding unvested equity awards will immediately vest in full and become exercisable following termination and any forfeiture restrictions will immediately lapse.

Mr. Bures’ employment agreement provides that if Mr. Bures’ employment is terminated (i) by us without cause or (ii) by him for good reason, then we must pay Mr. Bures a lump sum payment equal to 9 months of 75% of his base salary. The severance and acceleration of any unvested options is expressly conditioned on Mr. Bures executing and delivering to us a release of claims.

Mr. Bures’ employment agreement also provides that if, following a change of control, Mr. Bures’ employment is terminated (i) by us without cause or (ii) by him for good reason, and Mr. Bures executes and delivers to us a release of claims, then he will receive (a) a lump-sum payment equal to 12 months of his base salary at the time of his termination, (b) his target bonus amount for the year in which the termination occurs, (c) an amount equal to 12 months of his health insurance premium, paid directly or as a reimbursement to Mr. Bures, and (d) all outstanding unvested equity awards will immediately vest in full and become exercisable following termination and any forfeiture restrictions will immediately lapse.

As part of our insider trading policy, we prohibit employees and directors from engaging in transactions that are designed to, or have the effect of, hedging or offsetting any decrease in the market value of our shares owned by such employees or directors. In particular, our insider trading policy prohibits the following transactions:

The table below summarizes the aggregate stock and option awards held by our named executive officers as of December 31, 2022.

Our director compensation program is administered by our Board of Directors with the assistance of the Compensation and Management Development Committee. The Compensation and Management Development Committee conducts a periodic review of director compensation and makes recommendations to the Board with respect thereto. The Compensation and Management Development Committee has periodically engaged the services of Pearl Meyer to review and provide recommendations concerning the Company’s non-employee director compensation policy.

During 2022, our Board of Directors was compensated pursuant to our Amended and Restated Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy (the “Director Compensation Policy”), which provides for cash and equity-based compensation for service on the Board and its committees. Under the Director Compensation Policy, our non-employee directors receive the following cash compensation for their service on the Board and its committees:

During 2022, our Board of Directors was also compensated with stock option grants under the Director Compensation Policy as shown in the table below:

The annual and initial stock options vest as to 33% one (1) year after the date of grant of such option, with the remaining 67% vesting in eight (8) equal quarterly installments at the end of each full fiscal quarter following the initial vesting date. The annual stock options granted to the non-employee directors and the Chairperson under the Director Compensation Policy will be granted on the date of the meeting of the Board coincident with or immediately following the Company’s annual meeting of stockholders and will vest on the date of the next regular annual stockholders meeting. All stock options granted under the Director Compensation Policy have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date and terminate 10 years after the grant date. In March 2023, the Board of Directors approved amendments to the Director Compensation Policy to permit directors to elect a combination of cash and equity compensation for the annual retainer amount as an alternative to selecting only cash or equity compensation as originally provided for under the Director Compensation Policy.

The table below summarizes all compensation earned by each of our non-employee directors for services performed during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. Mr. Yoder is not in the table below because he receives no separate compensation for his services as a director of our Company, and all of the compensation earned by Mr. Yoder during our 2022 fiscal year as an executive officer of our Company is reflected in the Summary Compensation Table above.

As required by Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") rules, we are providing the following information about the relationship between executive compensation actually paid and certain financial performance of our Company. The disclosure included in this section is prescribed by SEC rules and does not necessarily align with how we or our Compensation and Management Development Committee view the link between the Company's performance and the pay of it's principal executive officer, or PEO, and its NEOs.

(a) The grant date fair value of equity awards represents the total of the amounts reported in the "Option Awards" column in the SCT for the applicable year.

(b) The amounts added or deducted in calculating the average equity award adjustments are as follows:

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, which consists entirely of directors who meet the independence and experience requirements of The Nasdaq Stock Market, has furnished the following report:

The Audit Committee assists the Board of Directors in overseeing and monitoring the integrity of our financial reporting process, compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and the quality of internal and external audit processes. This committee’s role and responsibilities are set forth in our charter adopted by the Board of Directors, which is available on our website at www.pieris.com. This committee reviews and reassesses our charter annually and recommends any changes to the Board of Directors for approval. The Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing our overall financial reporting process, and for the appointment, compensation, retention, and oversight of the work of Ernst & Young LLP. In fulfilling its responsibilities for the financial statements for fiscal year December 31, 2022, the Audit Committee took the following actions:

Based on the Audit Committee’s review of the audited financial statements and discussions with management and Ernst & Young LLP, the Audit Committee recommended to the Board that the audited financial statements be included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 for filing with the SEC.

Our Audit Committee Charter requires the Audit Committee to review, consider, and approve in advance all future transactions, in which we are a participant, that involve amounts that equal or exceed $120,000 and in which any Related Person has or will have a direct or indirect material interest in such transaction. Related Persons include any of our directors, executive officers, holder of 5% or more of any class of our capital stock, or any member of the immediate family of, or entities affiliated with, any of them, or any other related persons, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K. In approving or rejecting any such proposal, our Audit Committee is to consider all available information deemed relevant by the Audit Committee, including, but not limited to, the extent of the related person’s interest in the transaction, and whether the transaction is on terms no less favorable to us than terms we could have generally obtained from an unaffiliated third party under the same or similar circumstances.

Since January 1, 2022, there has not been, nor is there currently proposed, any transaction to which we are or were a party in which the amount involved exceeds the lesser of $120,000 and 1% of the average of our total assets at year-end for the last two completed fiscal years, and in which any of our directors, executive officers, holders of more than 5% of any class of our voting securities or any of their respective affiliates or immediate family members, had, or will have, a direct or indirect material interest.

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Each of those indemnification agreements is in the form approved by our Board of Directors. Those indemnification agreements require that, under the circumstances and to the extent provided for therein, we indemnify such persons to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law against certain expenses and other amounts incurred by any such person as a result of such person being made a party to certain actions, suits, and proceedings by reason of the fact that such person is or was a director, officer, employee, or agent of our Company, any entity that was a predecessor corporation of our Company, or any of our affiliates. The rights of each person who is a party to such an indemnification agreement are in addition to any other rights such person may have under applicable Nevada law, our Articles of Incorporation, our Bylaws, any other agreement, a vote of our stockholders, a resolution adopted by our Board of Directors, or otherwise.

The Board of Directors has nominated Stephen S. Yoder, Michael Richman and Matthew L. Sherman, M.D. for election at the annual meeting, each of whom is an incumbent director. The Board of Directors currently consists of eight members, classified into three classes as follows:

(1) Class III: Stephen S. Yoder, Michael Richman, and Matthew L. Sherman, M.D. constitute a class with a term that expires at the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders; (2) Class I: Peter Kiener, D.Phil. and Christopher Kiritsy constitute a class with a term ending at the 2024 annual meeting of stockholders; and (3) Class II: James Geraghty, Ann Barbier, M.D., Ph.D. and Maya R. Said, Sc.D. constitute a class with a term ending at the 2025 annual meeting. At each annual meeting of stockholders, directors are elected for a full term of three years to succeed those directors whose terms are expiring and until their respective successors have been duly elected and qualified.

The Board of Directors has nominated Stephen S. Yoder, Michael Richman, and Matthew L. Sherman, M.D. for election at the annual meeting for a term of three years to serve until the 2026 annual meeting of stockholders, and until their respective successors are duly elected and qualified.

Unless authority to vote for the nominee is withheld, the shares represented by properly completed proxies will be voted FOR the election as director of Stephen S. Yoder, Michael Richman, and Matthew L. Sherman, M.D. In the event that any nominee becomes unable or unwilling to serve, the shares represented by properly completed proxies will be voted for the election of such other person as the Board of Directors may recommend in such nominee’s place. We have no reason to believe that any nominee will be unable or unwilling to serve as a director.

The three nominees for director who receive the most votes (also known as a “plurality” of the votes cast) will be elected. Votes withheld and broker non-votes will not be treated as votes cast and, therefore, will not affect the outcome of the elections.

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS THE ELECTION OF STEPHEN S. YODER, MICHAEL RICHMAN AND MATTHEW L. SHERMAN, M.D. AS DIRECTORS, AND PROXIES SOLICITED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS WILL BE VOTED IN FAVOR THEREOF UNLESS A STOCKHOLDER HAS INDICATED OTHERWISE ON THE PROXY.

On March 22, 2023, our Board of Directors unanimously approved, subject to stockholder approval at the meeting, the amendment to the 2020 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, or the 2020 Plan, to add 6,000,000 shares for issuance under the 2020 Plan. The amendment to the 2020 Plan will allow us to issue an additional 6,000,000 shares under the 2020 Plan pursuant to awards granted under the 2020 Plan.

The amendment to the 2020 Plan is being submitted to stockholders for approval at the meeting in order to ensure favorable federal income tax treatment for grants of incentive stock options under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. Approval by our stockholders of the amendment to the 2020 Plan is also required by the listing rules of The Nasdaq Stock Market.

We believe that the effective use of stock-based long-term compensation is vital to our ability to achieve strong performance in the future. Awards under the 2020 Plan are intended to attract, retain and motivate key individuals, further align employee and stockholder interests, and closely link compensation with our corporate performance. We believe that the 2020 Plan is essential to permit our management to continue to provide long-term, equity-based incentives to present and future employees, consultants and directors.

The Board of Directors believes that the number of shares currently remaining available for issuance pursuant to future awards under the 2020 Plan (which was 1,862,243 shares as of April 19, 2023) is not sufficient for future granting needs. The 2020 Plan initially fixed the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance thereunder at 3,500,000 shares, was amended on June 25, 2021 to include an additional 2,250,000 shares and was subsequently amended on June 22, 2022 to include an additional 3,000,000 shares. Based on the closing price of our common stock as reported on The Nasdaq Stock Market on April 19, 2023 ($0.83), the market value of the shares remaining available for grant (1,862,243) plus the number of shares proposed to be added to the 2020 Plan as part of this amendment (6,000,000), would be $6,525,662.

The Compensation and Management Development Committee has considered our historical annual burn rate in granting awards and believes that our burn rate is reasonable for a clinical-stage biotechnology company that is prudently planning for success. The following table shows our adjusted net three-year burn rate history:

The following description of the material features of the 2020 Plan is intended to be a summary only. This summary is qualified in its entirety by the full text of the 2020 Plan as proposed to be amended, that is attached to this proxy statement as Exhibit A.

The 2020 Plan allows us, under the direction of the Compensation and Management Development Committee, to make grants of stock options, restricted and unrestricted stock awards, and other stock-based awards to employees, directors and consultants (approximately 143 employees and directors as of April 19, 2023) who, in the opinion of the Compensation and Management Development Committee, are in a position to make a significant contribution to our long-term success.

The 2020 Plan originally provided for the issuance of up to (i) 3,500,000 shares plus (ii) the number of shares underlying any stock option and other stock-based awards previously granted under the 2019 Plan, the 2018 Plan, the 2016 Plan or 2014 Plan that are forfeited, canceled, or terminated (other than by exercise) on or after June 23, 2020; provided that no more than 13,773,366 shares, which is approximately the number of shares subject to the then outstanding stock options and other stock-based awards outstanding under the 2019 Plan, the 2018 Plan, the 2016 Plan, and 2014 Plan, may be added to the 2020 Plan pursuant to such forfeitures, cancellations, and terminations. As of April 19, 2023, there were approximately 7,797,076 shares that may be added back to the 2020 Plan pursuant to clause (ii) above. In 2021, the Board and stockholders approved an amendment that added an additional 2,250,000 shares under the 2020 Plan, and in 2022, the Board and stockholders approved an amendment that added an additional 3,000,000 shares under the 2020 Plan. As of April 19, 2023, there were 1,862,243 shares available for grant under the 2020 Plan pursuant to clause (i) above. The proposed amendment to the 2020 Plan will allow us to issue an additional 6,000,000 shares under the plan. The proposed increase in the number of shares available for issuance under the plan is based on the total number of shares of our issued and outstanding common stock and securities convertible to common stock, including convertible preferred stock and warrants to purchase shares of common stock. As of April 19, 2023, the total number of convertible preferred stock and warrants to purchase shares of common stock issued by the Company was 24,631,960. Shares of common stock reserved for awards under the 2020 Plan that are forfeited, canceled, or terminated (other than by exercise) generally are added back to the share reserve available for future awards. However, shares of common stock tendered in payment for an award or shares of common stock withheld for taxes are not available again for future awards. In addition, shares purchased by us with the proceeds of the option exercise price of any option award may not be reissued under the 2020 Plan.

The 2020 Plan limits the number of shares to be issued as “full-value” awards to 100,000. These are awards that have an intrinsic value that is not solely dependent on appreciation in the price of our common stock after the date of grant such as restricted stock and restricted stock units. In addition, the aggregate grant date fair value of awards to any non-employee director in any calendar year may not exceed $400,000, except that this limitation shall not apply to stock-based awards made pursuant to an election by a non-employee director to receive such stock-based award in lieu of cash for all or a portion of cash fees to be received for service on our Board of Directors or any committee thereof or in connection with a non-employee director initially joining the Board.

In addition, no award under the 2020 Plan may be granted with a vesting schedule providing for exercisability or the lapsing of restrictions or repurchase rights over a period of less than one year from the date of grant (except that awards with a shorter vesting schedule may be granted with respect to a maximum of 5% of the shares reserved for issuance under the 2020 Plan, and awards to non-employee directors with vesting at the end of the approximately one-year period beginning on the date of an annual stockholders meeting and ending on the date of the next regular stockholders meeting will not be counted against the 5% limitation).

Stock options granted under the 2020 Plan may be either incentive stock options, which are intended to satisfy the requirements of Section 422 of the Code, or non-qualified stock options, which are not intended to meet those requirements. The exercise price of a stock option may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant. The term of stock options granted under the 2020 Plan may not be longer than ten years. Moreover, if an incentive stock option is granted to an individual who owns more than 10% of the combined voting power of all classes of our capital stock, the exercise price may not be less than 110% of the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant and the term of the option may not be longer than five years.

Award agreements for stock options include rules for exercise of the stock options after termination of service. Options may not be exercised unless they are vested, and no option may be exercised after the end of the term set forth in the award agreement. Generally, stock options will be exercisable for three months after termination of service for any reason other than death or total and permanent disability, and for 12 months after termination of service on account of death or total and permanent disability. Options, however, will not be exercisable if the termination of service was due to cause.

Restricted stock is common stock that is subject to restrictions, including a prohibition against transfer and a substantial risk of forfeiture, until the end of a “restricted period” during which the grantee must satisfy certain vesting conditions. If the grantee does not satisfy the vesting conditions by the end of the restricted period, the restricted stock is forfeited.

During the restricted period, the holder of restricted stock has certain of the rights and privileges of a regular stockholder, except that the restrictions set forth in the applicable award agreement apply. For example, the holder of restricted stock may vote the shares, but he or she may not sell the shares until the restrictions are lifted. In addition, dividends may accrue but shall not be paid prior to and only to the extent that, the shares subject to the restrictions vest.

Restricted stock units and performance stock units are the grant of phantom shares that provide the grantee with the right to receive shares of common stock in the future based on the grantee providing continuing service for the period specified in the award agreement in the case of restricted stock units and until the performance goals are met in the case of performance stock units. If the vesting is achieved the grantee shall be entitled to receive such number of shares based on the number of units specified in the award agreement. Dividend equivalents may accrue but shall not be paid prior to and only to the extent that, the grantee receives the shares related to the stock units upon vesting. If the grantee does not satisfy the vesting conditions by the end of the applicable period specified in the award agreement the award is forfeited and shares are not issued.

The 2020 Plan also authorizes the grant of other types of stock-based compensation including, but not limited to, stock appreciation rights, phantom stock awards, deferred stock units and unrestricted stock awards. Under no circumstances may the agreement covering stock appreciation rights (a) have an exercise price per share that is less than 100% of the fair market value per share of our common stock on the date of grant or (b) expire more than ten years following the date of grant.

In accordance with the terms of the 2020 Plan, our Board of Directors has authorized the Compensation and Management Development Committee to administer the 2020 Plan. The Compensation and Management Development Committee may delegate part of its authority and powers under the 2020 Plan, but only the Compensation and Management Development Committee can make awards to participants who are subject to the reporting and other requirements of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In accordance with the provisions of the 2020 Plan, the Compensation and Management Development Committee determines the terms of awards, including:

In addition, the Compensation and Management Development Committee may, in its discretion, amend any term or condition of an outstanding award provided (i) such term or condition as amended is permitted by the 2020 Plan, and (ii) any such amendment shall be made only with the consent of the participant to whom such award was made, if the amendment is adverse to the participant.

If our common stock is subdivided or combined into a greater or smaller number of shares or if we issue any shares of common stock as a stock dividend, the number of shares of our common stock thereafter deliverable upon the exercise of an outstanding option or upon issuance under another type of award shall be appropriately increased or decreased proportionately, and appropriate adjustments shall be made in the per share purchase price and performance goals applicable to performance-based awards, if any, to reflect such subdivision, combination or stock dividend.

Dividends (other than stock dividends as described above) may accrue but are not payable prior to the time, and only to the extent that, restrictions or rights to reacquire shares subject to awards have lapsed.

Upon a merger, consolidation or other reorganization event, our Board of Directors, may, in its sole discretion, take any one or more of the following actions pursuant to the 2020 Plan:

The 2020 Plan may be amended by our stockholders. It may also be amended by our Board of Directors, provided that any amendment approved by our Board of Directors that is of a scope that requires stockholder approval as required (1) by the rules of The Nasdaq Stock Market, (2) in order to ensure favorable federal income tax treatment for any incentive stock options under Section 422 of the Code, or (3) for any other reason, is subject to obtaining such stockholder approval. However, no such action may adversely affect any rights of a holder under any outstanding awards without the stockholder’s consent. Other than in connection with stock dividends, stock splits and corporate transactions, as summarized above, (i) the exercise price of an option may not be reduced, (ii) an option may not be canceled in exchange for a replacement option having a lower exercise price, or for another award or for cash, and (iii) no other action may be taken that is considered a direct or indirect “repricing,” in each case without stockholder approval.

The 2020 Plan will expire on April 11, 2030. No awards may be made after termination of the 2020 Plan, although previously granted awards may continue beyond the termination date in accordance with their terms.

The material federal income tax consequences of the issuance and exercise of stock options and other awards under the 2020 Plan, based on the current provisions of the Code and regulations are as follows. Changes to these laws could alter the tax consequences described below. This summary assumes that all awards granted under the 2020 Plan are exempt from or comply with, the rules under Section 409A of the Code related to non-qualified deferred compensation.

Incentive stock options are intended to qualify for treatment under Section 422 of the Code. An incentive stock option does not result in taxable income to the optionee or deduction to us at the time it is granted or exercised, provided that no disposition is made by the optionee of the shares acquired pursuant to the option within two years after the date of grant of the option nor within one year after the date of issuance of shares to the optionee (referred to as the “ISO holding period”). However, the difference between the fair market value of the shares on the date of exercise and the option price will be an item of tax preference includible in “alternative minimum taxable income” of the optionee. Upon disposition of the shares after the expiration of the ISO holding period, the optionee will generally recognize long-term capital gain or loss based on the difference between the disposition proceeds and the option price paid for the shares. If the shares are disposed of prior to the expiration of the ISO holding period, the optionee generally will recognize taxable compensation, and we will have a corresponding deduction, in the year of the disposition, equal to the excess of the fair market value of the shares on the date of exercise of the option over the option price. Any additional gain realized on the disposition will normally constitute capital gain. If the amount realized upon such a disqualifying disposition is less than fair market value of the shares on the date of exercise, the amount of compensation income will be limited to the excess of the amount realized over the optionee's adjusted basis in the shares.

Options otherwise qualifying as incentive stock options, to the extent the aggregate fair market value of shares with respect to which such options are first exercisable by an individual in any calendar year exceeds $100,000, and options designated as non-qualified options, will be treated as options that are not incentive stock options.

A non-qualified option will not result in taxable income to the optionee or deduction to us at the time of grant. The optionee will recognize compensation income at the time of exercise of such non-qualified option in an amount equal to the excess of the fair market value of the shares over the exercise price paid per share. Such compensation income of optionees may be subject to withholding taxes, and a deduction may then be allowable to us in an amount equal to the optionee's compensation income.

An optionee’s initial basis in shares so acquired will be the amount paid on exercise of the non-qualified option plus the amount of any corresponding compensation income. Any gain or loss as a result of a subsequent disposition of the shares so acquired will be capital gain or loss.

With respect to stock grants under the 2020 Plan that result in the issuance of shares that are either not restricted as to transferability or not subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture, the grantee must generally recognize ordinary income equal to the fair market value of shares received. Thus, deferral of the time of issuance will generally result in the deferral of the time the grantee will be liable for income taxes with respect to such issuance. We generally will be entitled to a deduction in an amount equal to the ordinary income recognized by the grantee.

With respect to stock grants involving the issuance of shares that are restricted as to transferability and subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture, the grantee must generally recognize ordinary income equal to the fair market value of the shares received at the first time the shares become transferable or are not subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture, whichever occurs earlier. A grantee may elect to be taxed at the time of receipt of shares rather than upon lapse of restrictions on transferability or substantial risk of forfeiture, but if the grantee subsequently forfeits such shares, the grantee would not be entitled to any tax deduction, including as a capital loss, for the value of the shares on which he previously paid tax. The grantee must file such election with the Internal Revenue Service within 30 days of the receipt of the shares. We generally will be entitled to a deduction in an amount equal to the ordinary income recognized by the grantee.

The grantee recognizes no income until the issuance of the shares. At that time, the grantee must generally recognize ordinary income equal to the fair market value of the shares received. We generally will be entitled to a deduction in an amount equal to the ordinary income recognized by the grantee.

The following table shows the total number of annual awards expected to be made under the 2020 Plan, as proposed to be amended, to our non-employee directors pursuant to our amended and restated non-employee director compensation plan, as described under “Director Compensation” in this proxy statement, which awards would first be made on or about the date of the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders and are subject to the approval of the amendment to the 2020 Plan by our stockholders.

Except as set forth above, the amount of any future grants under the 2020 Plan as proposed to be amended are subject to the discretion of the Compensation and Management Development Committee, and therefore future awards to our named executive officers, our current executive officers as a group and our other employees under the amended 2020 Plan are not determinable.

The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast, either affirmatively or negatively, at a meeting at which a quorum is present is required to approve the proposed amendment to the 2020 Plan. Abstentions will be counted as present for purposes of determining the presence of a quorum, but will have no effect on the results of this vote. Brokerage firms do not have authority to vote customers’ unvoted shares held by the firms in street name for the proposed amendment to the 2020 Plan. As a result, any shares not voted by a customer for the proposed amendment to the 2020 Plan will be treated as a broker non-vote, provided that once a quorum is met, such broker non-votes will have no effect on the results of this vote.

The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2022 with respect to existing compensation plans under which our equity securities are authorized for issuance.

As of April 19, 2023, 1,862,243 shares remain available for issuance of future awards under the 2020 Plan of which no more than 100,000 shares may be issued as “full value” awards. A total of 16,225,636 stock options remain outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $2.91 and weighted remaining term of 6.67 years under all equity incentive plans. There were no stock awards (including shares of restricted stock and restricted stock units) outstanding.

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE TO APPROVE THE AMENDMENT TO THE 2020 PLAN, AND PROXIES SOLICITED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS WILL BE VOTED IN FAVOR OF SUCH PROPOSAL UNLESS A STOCKHOLDER INDICATES OTHERWISE ON THE PROXY.

On March 22, 2023, our Board of Directors unanimously approved, subject to stockholder approval at the annual meeting, the adoption of the 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP. The ESPP provides eligible employees with the opportunity to purchase shares of our common stock at a discount, on a tax-favored basis, through regular payroll deductions in compliance with Section 423 of the Code.

The Board of Directors believes it is in the best interest of the Company and its stockholders that the ESPP be approved. If the ESPP is approved by the stockholders at the annual meeting, eligible employees who elect to participate in the ESPP will first purchase shares in November 2023 using funds deducted from their paychecks during the preceding six months.

The following description of the material features of the 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan is intended to be a summary only. This summary is qualified in its entirety by the full text of the 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan that is attached to this proxy statement as Exhibit B.

The ESPP will be administered by our Compensation and Management Development Committee. The Compensation and Management Development Committee and our Board of Directors has authority to interpret the ESPP and to make all other determinations necessary or advisable in administering it, including, without limitation, adopting sub plans applicable to specific designated subsidiaries or locations, which sub plans may be designed to be outside the scope of Section 423 of the Code.

All full-time employees and certain part-time employees of Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its designated subsidiaries who have been continuously employed for at least one (1) month prior to an offering date will be eligible to participate in the ESPP. For part-time employees of the Company to be eligible, they must have customary employment of more than five months in any calendar year and more than 20 hours per week. The Board intends that designated employees of the Company’s subsidiary Pieris Pharmaceuticals GmbH will be eligible to participate in the ESPP. However, no employee shall be eligible to participate to the extent that, immediately after the grant, (i) that employee would own stock and/or options or securities to purchase stock possessing 5% or more of the combined voting power or the value of all classes of capital stock of the Company, or (ii) his or her rights to purchase stock under all employee stock purchase plans of the Company accrues at a rate that exceeds $25,000 for each calendar year in which such rights are outstanding and exercisable. As of April 19, 2023, approximately 15 employees of Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. will be eligible to participate in the ESPP. The Company expects that approximately 119 employees of Pieris Pharmaceuticals GmbH may be eligible to participate in the ESPP. Participation in the ESPP is at the election of each eligible employee and the amounts received by a participant under the ESPP depend on the fair market value of our common stock on future dates; therefore, the benefits or amounts that will be received by any participant if the ESPP is approved by our stockholders are not currently determinable.

To participate in the ESPP, an eligible employee authorizes payroll deductions in an amount not less than 1% nor greater than 10% of his or her “compensation” (i.e., total base salary and excluding bonuses, employee benefit plans or other additional payments) for each full payroll period in the offering period. The maximum number of shares of common stock that may be purchased by any participant during an offering period shall equal $25,000 divided by the fair market value of our common stock on the first date of an offering period.

To ensure that IRS share limitations are not exceeded, we do not accept contributions from an individual participant in excess of $21,250 per calendar year.

Eligible employees enroll in a six-month offering period during the open enrollment period prior to the start of that offering period. A new offering period begins approximately every June 1 and December 1. At the end of each offering period, the accumulated deductions are used to purchase shares of our common stock from us. Shares are purchased at a price equal to 85% of the lower of: (x) the fair market value of our common stock on the first business day of an offering period or (y) the fair market value of our common stock on the last business day of an offering period. On April 19, 2023, the closing market price per share of our common stock was $0.83 as reported by The Nasdaq Stock Market.

If a participating employee voluntarily resigns or is terminated prior to the last day of an offering period, the employee’s option to purchase terminates and the amount in the employee’s account is returned to the employee.

Neither contributions credited to a participant’s account nor any rights with regard to the exercise of an option or to receive shares under the ESPP may be assigned, transferred, pledged or otherwise disposed of in any way (other than by will, the laws of descent or distribution to a designated beneficiary upon the participant’s death) by the participant.

Subject to any required action by our stockholders, the number of shares of common stock covered by unexercised options under the ESPP, the number of shares of common stock which have been authorized for issuance under the ESPP, but are not yet subject to options, the maximum number of shares of common stock that may be purchased by a participant in an offering period, as well as the price per share of common stock covered by each unexercised option under the ESPP, shall be proportionately adjusted for any increase or decrease in the number of issued shares of common stock resulting from a stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, combination or reclassification of the common stock.

In the event of the proposed dissolution or liquidation of the Company, any offering period then in progress will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such proposed action, unless otherwise provided by our Board. In the event of a proposed sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, or the merger, consolidation or other capital reorganization of the Company with or into another corporation, each option outstanding under the ESPP shall be assumed or an equivalent option shall be substituted by such successor corporation unless our Board determines, in its sole discretion and in lieu of such assumption or substitution, to shorten an offering period then in progress.

If the number of unsold shares that are available for purchase under the ESPP is insufficient to permit exercise of all rights deemed exercised by all participating employees, a participation adjustment will be made, and the number of shares purchasable by all participating employees is reduced proportionately. Any funds remaining in a participating employee’s account after such exercise are refunded to the employee, without interest.

The Board of Directors may amend the ESPP at any time and in any respect unless stockholder approval of the amendment in question is required under Section 423 of the Code, any national securities exchange or system on which our common stock is then listed or reported, or under any other applicable laws, rules, or regulations.

The Board of Directors may terminate the ESPP at any time and for any reason or for no reason, provided that no termination shall impair any rights of participating employees that have vested at the time of termination. Without further action of the Board of Directors, the ESPP shall terminate on May 31, 2032 or, if earlier, at such time as all shares of common stock that may be made available for purchase under the ESPP have been issued.

The ESPP, and the rights of participant employees to make purchases thereunder, qualify for treatment under the provisions of Sections 421 and 423 of the Code. Under these provisions, no income will be taxable to a participant until the shares purchased under the ESPP are sold or otherwise disposed of.

Upon sale or other disposition of the shares, the participant will generally be subject to tax and the amount of the tax will depend upon the holding period. If the shares are sold or otherwise disposed of more than two years from the first day of the relevant offering period (and more than one year from the date the shares are purchased) or the participant dies while holding the shares, whether before or after the participant has met the foregoing holding periods, then the participant generally will recognize ordinary income measured as the lesser of:

- the excess of the fair market value of the shares at the time of such disposition or death over the purchase price paid for the shares, and

- an amount equal to 15% of the fair market value of the shares as of the first day of the applicable offering period

If the shares are sold or otherwise disposed of before the expiration of this holding period, the participant will recognize ordinary income at the time of such disposition generally measured as the excess of the fair market value of the shares on the date the shares are purchased over the purchase price. Any additional gain or loss on such sale or disposition will be long-term or short-term capital gain or loss, depending on the holding period.

The Company is not entitled to a deduction for amounts taxed as ordinary income or capital gain to a participant except to the extent ordinary income is recognized by participants upon a sale or disposition of shares prior to the expiration of the holding period(s) described above. In all other cases, no deduction is allowed to the Company.

The foregoing tax discussion is a general description of certain expected U.S. federal income tax results under current law. No attempt has been made to address any state, local, foreign or estate and gift tax consequences that may arise in connection with participation in the ESPP.

The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast, either affirmatively or negatively, at a meeting at which a quorum is present is required to approve the 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Abstentions will be counted as present for purposes of determining the presence of a quorum, but will have no effect on the results of this vote. Brokerage firms do not have authority to vote customers’ unvoted shares held by the firms in street name for the 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. As a result, any shares not voted by a customer for the 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan will be treated as a broker non-vote. Provided that a quorum is met, such broker non-votes will have no effect on the results of this vote.

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE TO APPROVE THE 2023 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN, AND PROXIES SOLICITED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS WILL BE VOTED IN FAVOR OF SUCH PROPOSAL UNLESS A STOCKHOLDER INDICATES OTHERWISE ON THE PROXY.

RATIFICATION OF APPOINTMENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Audit Committee has appointed Ernst & Young LLP, or EY LLP, as our independent registered public accounting firm, to audit our financial statements for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2023. The Board of Directors recommends that the stockholders ratify this appointment. EY LLP audited our financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. We expect that representatives of EY LLP will be present at the annual meeting, will be able to make a statement if they so desire, and will be available to respond to appropriate questions.

In deciding to appoint EY LLP, the Audit Committee reviewed auditor independence issues and existing commercial relationships with EY LLP and concluded that EY LLP has no commercial relationship or other relationships with the Company that would impair its independence.

EY LLP has acted as the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm since 2016.

The following table presents fees for professional audit services rendered by EY LLP for the audit of the Company’s annual financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022 and fees billed for other services rendered by EY LLP during the period:

Policy on Audit Committee Pre-Approval of Audit and Permissible Non-Audit Services

Consistent with SEC policies regarding auditor independence, the Audit Committee has responsibility for appointing, setting compensation and overseeing the work of our independent registered public accounting firm. In recognition of this responsibility, the Audit Committee has established a policy to pre-approve all audit and permissible non-audit services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm.

Prior to engagement of an independent registered public accounting firm for the next year’s audit, management will submit an aggregate of services expected to be rendered during that year for each of four categories of services to the Audit Committee for approval.

1. Audit services include audit work performed on the annual financial statements, as well as work that generally only an independent registered public accounting firm can reasonably be expected to provide, including comfort letters, statutory audits, and attest services and consultation regarding financial accounting and/or reporting standards.

2. Audit-Related services are for assurance and related services that are traditionally performed by an independent registered public accounting firm, including due diligence related to mergers and acquisitions, employee benefit plan audits, and special procedures required to meet certain regulatory requirements.

3. Tax services include all services performed by an independent registered public accounting firm’s tax personnel except those services specifically related to the audit of the financial statements, and includes fees in the areas of tax compliance, tax planning, and tax advice.

4. Other Fees are those associated with services not captured in the other categories. The Company generally does not request such services from our independent registered public accounting firm.

Prior to engagement, the Audit Committee pre-approves each of these services by category of service. The fees are budgeted and the Audit Committee requires our independent registered public accounting firm and management to report actual fees versus the budget at year end by category of service. During the year, circumstances may arise when it may become necessary to engage our independent registered public accounting firm for additional services not contemplated in the original pre-approval. In those instances, the Audit Committee requires pre-approval before engaging our independent registered public accounting firm. All of the services described above were pre-approved by our Audit Committee.

The Audit Committee may delegate pre-approval authority to one or more of its members. The member to whom such authority is delegated must report, for informational purposes only, any pre-approval decisions to the Audit Committee at its next scheduled meeting.

In the event the stockholders do not ratify the appointment of EY LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm, the Audit Committee will reconsider its appointment.

The affirmative vote of a majority of the shares cast affirmatively or negatively at the annual meeting is required to ratify the appointment of the independent registered public accounting firm.

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE TO RATIFY THE APPOINTMENT OF EY LLP AS OUR INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM, AND PROXIES SOLICITED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS WILL BE VOTED IN FAVOR OF SUCH RATIFICATION UNLESS A STOCKHOLDER INDICATES OTHERWISE ON THE PROXY.

NON-BINDING ADVISORY VOTE TO APPROVE THE COMPENSATION OF OUR NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Section 14A of the Exchange Act requires that we provide our stockholders with the opportunity to vote to approve, on a non-binding, advisory basis, not less frequently than once every three years, the compensation of our named executive officers as disclosed in this proxy statement in accordance with the compensation disclosure rules of the SEC. At the 2020 Annual Meeting, our stockholders voted in favor of holding this non-binding, advisory vote once per year, consistent with the recommendation of the Board of Directors.

Our compensation programs are designed to effectively align our executives’ interests with the interests of our stockholders by focusing on long-term equity incentives that correlate with the growth of sustainable long-term value for our stockholders. Stockholders are urged to read the section titled “Executive Officer and Director Compensation” in this proxy statement, which discusses how our executive compensation policies and practices implement our compensation philosophy and contains tabular information and narrative discussion about the compensation of our named executive officers. The Compensation and Management Development Committee believes that the objectives of our executive compensation program, as they relate to our named executive officers, are appropriate for a company of our size and stage of development and that our compensation policies and practices help meet those objectives. In addition, the Compensation and Management Development Committee believes that our executive compensation program, as it relates to our named executive officers, achieves an appropriate balance between fixed compensation and variable incentive compensation. Our Board of Directors and our Compensation and Management Development Committee believe that our policies and practices are effective in implementing our compensation philosophy and in achieving our compensation program goal. Accordingly, we are asking our stockholders to approve the compensation of our named executive officers.

The vote on this resolution is not intended to address any specific element of compensation; rather, the vote relates to the compensation of our named executive officers, as described in this proxy statement in accordance with the compensation disclosure rules of the SEC.

Accordingly, we are asking our stockholders to vote on the following resolution at the Annual Meeting:

RESOLVED, that the stockholders hereby approve, on a non-binding advisory basis, the compensation paid to the Company’s named executive officers, as disclosed in the Company’s proxy statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, pursuant to the compensation disclosure rules of the SEC, including the compensation tables and the related material disclosed in this proxy statement.

The approval of this advisory non-binding proposal requires the affirmative vote of a majority of the shares cast affirmatively or negatively at the Annual Meeting and entitled to vote thereon. Abstentions and broker non-votes will have no effect on this proposal.

The vote is advisory, which means that the vote is not binding on the Company, our Board of Directors or our Compensation and Management Development Committee. To the extent there is any significant vote against our named executive officer compensation as disclosed in this proxy statement, our Compensation and Management Development Committee will evaluate whether any actions are necessary to address the concerns of stockholders.

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS A VOTE FOR THE APPROVAL, ON A NON-BINDING ADVISORY BASIS, OF THE COMPENSATION OF THE COMPANY’S NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AS DISCLOSED IN THIS PROXY STATEMENT.

We have adopted a Corporate Code of Conduct and Ethics and Whistleblower Policy that applies to all our employees, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial and Accounting Officer. Our Corporate Code of Conduct and Ethics and Whistleblower Policy is posted on our website at www.pieris.com and will be made available to stockholders without charge, upon request, in writing to Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 225 Franklin Street, 26th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, Attn: Corporate Secretary. Disclosure regarding any amendments to, or waivers from, provisions of the Corporate Code of Conduct and Ethics and Whistleblower Policy that apply to our directors and principal executive and financial officers will be included in a Current Report on Form 8-K within four business days following the date of the amendment or waiver, unless website posting or the issuance of a press release of such amendments or waivers is then permitted by the rules of The Nasdaq Stock Market.

Our Board of Directors is not aware of any other business which will be presented at the annual meeting other than the proposals referred to in the Notice. If any other business is properly brought before the annual meeting, proxies will be voted in accordance with the judgment of the persons named therein.

To be considered for inclusion in the proxy statement relating to our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, we must receive stockholder proposals by December 29, 2023. These proposals must comply with the requirements as to form and substance established by the SEC for such proposals to be included in the proxy statement. To be considered for presentation at the 2024 annual meeting, although not included in the proxy statement, proposals (including director nominations) must be received no earlier than February 22, 2024 and no later than March 23, 2024. However, if the date of the 2024 annual meeting is more than 30 days earlier or more than 30 days later than the anniversary date of the 2023 annual meeting, notice must be received no earlier than 120 days and not later than (i) 90 days prior to such annual meeting or (ii) the close of business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which public announcement of the date of such meeting is first made by the Company. In addition to satisfying the foregoing advance notice requirements, to comply with the universal proxy rules under the Exchange Act, stockholders who intend to solicit proxies in support of director nominees other than the Company’s nominees must follow the requirements set forth in Rule 14a-19 as promulgated under the Exchange Act. Proposals that are not received in a timely manner will not be voted on at the 2024 annual meeting. If a proposal is received on time, the proxies that management solicits for the meeting may still confer discretionary voting authority on the proposal under circumstances consistent with the proxy rules of the SEC. Stockholders are advised to review our Bylaws, which also specify requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder’s notice. All stockholder proposals should be sent to Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 225 Franklin Street, 26th Floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, Attn: Corporate Secretary.

(adopted June 23, 2020; amended June 25, 2021, June 22, 2022, and June 21, 2023)

Unless otherwise specified or unless the context otherwise requires, the following terms, as used in this Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2020 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, have the following meanings:

Administrator means the Board of Directors, unless it has delegated power to act on its behalf to the Committee, in which case the term “Administrator” means the Committee.

Affiliate means a corporation which, for purposes of Section 424 of the Code, is a parent or subsidiary of the Company, direct or indirect.

Agreement means an agreement between the Company and a Participant pertaining to a Stock Right delivered pursuant to the Plan, in such form as the Administrator shall approve.

Cause means, with respect to a Participant (a) dishonesty with respect to the Company or any Affiliate, (b) insubordination, substantial malfeasance or non-feasance of duty, (c) unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, (d) breach by a Participant of any provision of any employment, consulting, advisory, nondisclosure, non-competition or similar agreement between the Participant and the Company or any Affiliate, and (e) conduct substantially prejudicial to the business of the Company or any Affiliate; provided, however, that any provision in an agreement between a Participant and the Company or an Affiliate, which contains a conflicting definition of Cause for termination and which is in effect at the time of such termination, shall supersede this definition with respect to that Participant. The determination of the Administrator as to the existence of Cause will be conclusive on the Participant and the Company.

Code means the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended including any successor statute, regulation and guidance thereto.

Committee means the committee of the Board of Directors, if any, to which the Board of Directors has delegated power to act under or pursuant to the provisions of the Plan.

Common Stock means shares of the Company’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share.

Consultant means any natural person who is an advisor or consultant that provides bona fide services to the Company or its Affiliates, provided that such services are not in connection with the offer or sale of securities in a capital raising transaction, and do not directly or indirectly promote or maintain a market for the Company’s or its Affiliates’ securities.

Disability or Disabled means permanent and total disability as defined in Section 22(e)(3) of the Code.

Directors’ Compensation Year means the approximately one-year period beginning on the date of each regular annual stockholders meeting and ending on the date of the next regular annual stockholders meeting.

Employee means any employee of the Company or of an Affiliate (including, without limitation, an employee who is also serving as an officer or Director of the Company or of an Affiliate), designated by the Administrator to be eligible to be granted one or more Stock Rights under the Plan.

(i) If the Common Stock is listed on a national securities exchange or traded in the over-the-counter market and sales prices are regularly reported for the Common Stock, the closing or, if not applicable, the last price of the Common Stock on the composite tape or other comparable reporting system for the trading day on the applicable date and if such applicable date is not a trading day, the last market trading day prior to such date;

(ii) If the Common Stock is not traded on a national securities exchange but is traded on the over-the-counter market, if sales prices are not regularly reported for the Common Stock for the trading day referred to in clause (1), and if bid and asked prices for the Common Stock are regularly reported, the mean between the bid and the asked price for the Common Stock at the close of trading in the over-the-counter market for the trading day on which Common Stock was traded on the applicable date and if such applicable date is not a trading day, the last market trading day prior to such date; and

(iii) If the Common Stock is neither listed on a national securities exchange nor traded in the over-the-counter market, such value as the Administrator, in good faith, shall determine.

ISO means an option intended to qualify as an incentive stock option under Section 422 of the Code.

Non-Qualified Option means an option which is not intended to qualify as an ISO.

Participant means an Employee, Director or Consultant of the Company or an Affiliate to whom one or more Stock Rights are granted under the Plan.As used herein, “Participant” shall include “Participant’s Survivors” where the context requires.

Performance Based Award means a Stock Grant or Stock-Based Award which vests based on the attainment of written Performance Goals as set forth in Paragraph 9 hereof.

Performance Goals means performance goals determined by the Committee in its sole discretion and set forth in an Agreement. The satisfaction of Performance Goals shall be subject to certification by the Committee. The Committee has the authority to take appropriate action with respect to the Performance Goals (including, without limitation, making adjustments to the Performance Goals or determining the satisfaction of the Performance Goals in connection with a Corporate Transaction) provided that any such action does not otherwise violate the terms of the Plan.

Plan means this Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2020 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan.

Shares means shares of the Common Stock as to which Stock Rights have been or may be granted under the Plan or any shares of capital stock into which the Shares are changed or for which they are exchanged within the provisions of Paragraph 3 of the Plan. The Shares issued under the Plan may be authorized and unissued shares or shares held by the Company in its treasury, or both.

Stock-Based Award means a grant by the Company under the Plan of an equity award or an equity based award which is not an Option or a Stock Grant.

Stock Right means a right to Shares or the value of Shares of the Company granted pursuant to the Plan -- an ISO, a Non-Qualified Option, a Stock Grant or a Stock-Based Award.

Survivor means a deceased Participant’s legal representatives and/or any person or persons who acquired the Participant’s rights to a Stock Right by will or by the laws of descent and distribution.

The Plan is intended to encourage ownership of Shares by Employees and Directors of and certain Consultants to the Company and its Affiliates in order to attract and retain such people, to induce them to work for the benefit of the Company or of an Affiliate and to provide additional incentive for them to promote the success of the Company or of an Affiliate. The Plan provides for the granting of ISOs, Non-Qualified Options, Stock Grants and Stock-Based Awards.

(a) Commencing on June 21, 2023, the number of Shares which may be issued from time to time pursuant to this Plan shall be the sum of: (i) 7,862,243¹/ shares of Common Stock and (ii) any shares of Common Stock that are represented by awards granted under the Company’s 2014 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, the 2016 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, the 2018 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, and the 2019 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan that are forfeited, expire or are canceled without delivery of shares of Common Stock or which result in the forfeiture of shares of Common Stock back to the Company on or after June 23, 2020, or the equivalent of such number of Shares after the Administrator, in its sole discretion, has interpreted the effect of any stock split, stock dividend, combination, recapitalization or similar transaction in accordance with Paragraph 24 of this Plan; provided, however, that no more than 7,797,076 Shares shall be added to the Plan pursuant to subsection (ii).

(b) If an Option ceases to be “outstanding”, in whole or in part (other than by exercise), or if the Company shall reacquire (at not more than its original issuance price) any Shares issued pursuant to a Stock Grant or Stock-Based Award, or if any Stock Right expires or is forfeited, cancelled, or otherwise terminated or results in any Shares not being issued, the unissued or reacquired Shares which were subject to such Stock Right shall again be available for issuance from time to time pursuant to this Plan. Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a Stock Right is exercised, in whole or in part, by tender or withholding of Shares or if the Company or an Affiliate’s tax withholding obligation is satisfied by the tender or withholding of Shares, the number of Shares deemed to have been issued under the Plan for purposes of the limitation set forth in Paragraph 3(a) above shall be the number of Shares that were subject to the Stock Right or portion thereof, and not the net number of Shares actually issued. In addition, Shares repurchased by the Company with the proceeds of the option exercise price may not be reissued under the Plan. However, in the case of ISOs, the foregoing provisions shall be subject to any limitations under the Code.

The Administrator of the Plan will be the Board of Directors, except to the extent the Board of Directors delegates its authority to the Committee, in which case the Committee shall be the Administrator. Subject to the provisions of the Plan, the Administrator is authorized to:

¹ This number consists of 1,862,243 remaining shares available for issuance under the Plan as of April 19, 2023, and 6,000,000 additional shares subject to stockholder approval at the annual meeting of stockholders to be held on June 21, 2023.

(a) Interpret the provisions of the Plan and all Stock Rights and to make all rules and determinations which it deems necessary or advisable for the administration of the Plan;

(b) Determine which Employees, Directors and Consultants shall be granted Stock Rights provided that no more than 100,000 Shares may be issued under the Plan as “full value awards” (Stock Grants, restricted stock units, performance shares and other full value Stock-Based Awards); provided, if a full value award expires, is forfeited, or otherwise lapses, the shares that were subject to the full value award shall again be available for the grant of full value awards;

(c) Determine the number of Shares for which a Stock Right or Stock Rights shall be granted, provided however that in no event shall Stock Rights to be granted to any non-employee director under the Plan in any calendar year exceed an aggregate grant date fair value of $400,000 except that the foregoing limitation shall not apply to awards granted (i) pursuant to an election by a non-employee director to receive the award in lieu of cash for all or a portion of cash fees to be received for service on the Board or any Committee thereof or (ii) in connection with a non-employee director initially joining the Board of Directors;

(d) Specify the terms and conditions upon which a Stock Right or Stock Rights may be granted, provided that no dividends or dividend equivalents shall be paid on any Stock Right prior to the vesting of the underlying Shares and no Stock Right shall be granted with a vesting schedule providing for exercisability or the lapsing of restrictions or repurchase rights over a period of less than one year from the date of grant. Notwithstanding the foregoing: (i) Stock Rights may be granted that do not comply with the applicable one-year minimum vesting requirement set forth above with respect to a maximum of 5% of the Shares reserved for issuance under the Plan; (ii) for purposes of counting Shares against the 5% limitation, the Share counting rules under Section 3 of the Plan apply; (iii) Stock Rights granted to non-employee Directors with vesting at the end of a Directors' Compensation Year shall not be counted against the 5% limitation; and (iv) nothing in this Section 4(d) shall limit the authority of the Administrator to provide for the acceleration of the exercisability of any Stock Right or the lapse of any restrictions relating to any Stock Right, except as expressly limited by Section 24(e);

(e) Determine and make any adjustments in the Performance Goals included in any Performance-Based Awards;

(f) Amend any term or condition of any outstanding Stock Right, other than reducing the exercise price or purchase price or extending the expiration date of an Option, provided that (i) such term or condition as amended is not prohibited by the Plan; (ii) any such amendment shall not impair the rights of a Participant under any Stock Right previously granted without such Participant’s consent or in the event of death of the Participant the Participant’s Survivors; and (iii) any such amendment shall be made only after the Administrator determines whether such amendment would cause any adverse tax consequences to the Participant, including, but not limited to, the annual vesting limitation contained in Section 422(d) of the Code and described in Paragraph 6(b)(iv) below with respect to ISOs and pursuant to Section 409A of the Code; and

(g) Adopt any sub-plans applicable to residents of any specified jurisdiction as it deems necessary or appropriate in order to comply with or take advantage of any tax or other laws applicable to the Company, any Affiliate or to Participants or to otherwise facilitate the administration of the Plan, which sub-plans may include additional restrictions or conditions applicable to Stock Rights or Shares issuable pursuant to a Stock Right; provided, however, that all such interpretations, rules, determinations, terms and conditions shall be made and prescribed in the context of not causing any adverse tax consequences under Section 409A of the Code and preserving the tax status under Section 422 of the Code of those Options which are designated as ISOs. Subject to the foregoing, the interpretation and construction by the Administrator of any provisions of the Plan or of any Stock Right granted under it shall be final, unless otherwise determined by the Board of Directors, if the Administrator is the Committee. In addition, if the Administrator is the Committee, the Board of Directors may take any action under the Plan that would otherwise be the responsibility of the Committee.

To the extent permitted under applicable law, the Board of Directors or the Committee may allocate all or any portion of its responsibilities and powers to any one or more of its members and may delegate all or any portion of its responsibilities and powers to any other person selected by it. The Board of Directors or the Committee may revoke any such allocation or delegation at any time. Notwithstanding the foregoing, only the Board of Directors or the Committee shall be authorized to grant a Stock Right to any Director of the Company or to any “officer” of the Company as defined by Rule 16a-1 under the Exchange Act.

The Administrator will, in its sole discretion, name the Participants in the Plan; provided, however, that each Participant must be an Employee, Director or Consultant of the Company or of an Affiliate at the time a Stock Right is granted. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Administrator may authorize the grant of a Stock Right to a person not then an Employee, Director or Consultant of the Company or of an Affiliate; provided, however, that the actual grant of such Stock Right shall be conditioned upon such person becoming eligible to become a Participant at or prior to the time of the execution of the Agreement evidencing such Stock Right. ISOs may be granted only to Employees who are deemed to be residents of the United States for tax purposes. Non-Qualified Options, Stock Grants and Stock-Based Awards may be granted to any Employee, Director or Consultant of the Company or an Affiliate. The granting of any Stock Right to any individual shall neither entitle that individual to, nor disqualify him or her from, participation in any other grant of Stock Rights or any grant under any other benefit plan established by the Company or any Affiliate for Employees, Directors or Consultants.

Each Option shall be set forth in an Option Agreement, duly executed by the Company and, to the extent required by law or requested by the Company, by the Participant. The Administrator may provide that Options be granted subject to such terms and conditions, consistent with the terms and conditions specifically required under this Plan, as the Administrator may deem appropriate including, without limitation, subsequent approval by the stockholders of the Company of this Plan or any amendments thereto. The Option Agreements shall be subject to at least the following terms and conditions:

(a) Non-Qualified Options: Each Option intended to be a Non-Qualified Option shall be subject to the terms and conditions which the Administrator determines to be appropriate and in the best interest of the Company, subject to the following minimum standards for any such Non-Qualified Option:

(b) ISOs: Each Option intended to be an ISO shall be issued only to an Employee who is deemed to be a resident of the United States for tax purposes, and shall be subject to the following terms and conditions, with such additional restrictions or changes as the Administrator determines are appropriate but not in conflict with Section 422 of the Code and relevant regulations and rulings of the Internal Revenue Service:

Each Stock Grant to a Participant shall state the principal terms in a Stock Grant Agreement duly executed by the Company and, to the extent required by law or requested by the Company, by the Participant. The Stock Grant Agreement shall be in a form approved by the Administrator and shall contain terms and conditions which the Administrator determines to be appropriate and in the best interest of the Company, subject to the following minimum standards:

(a) Each Stock Grant Agreement shall state the purchase price per share, if any, of the Shares covered by each Stock Grant, which purchase price shall be determined by the Administrator but shall not be less than the minimum consideration required by the laws of the state of Nevada, if any, on the date of the grant of the Stock Grant;

(b) Each Stock Grant Agreement shall state the number of Shares to which the Stock Grant pertains;

(c) Each Stock Grant Agreement shall include the terms of any right of the Company to restrict or reacquire the Shares subject to the Stock Grant, including the time period or attainment of Performance Goals or such other performance criteria upon which such rights shall accrue and the purchase price therefor, if any; and

(d) Dividends (other than stock dividends to be issued pursuant to Section 24 of the Plan) may accrue but shall not be paid prior to the time, and may be paid only to the extent that the restrictions or rights to reacquire the Shares subject to the Stock Grant lapse.

The Administrator shall have the right to grant other Stock-Based Awards based upon the Common Stock having such terms and conditions as the Administrator may determine, including, without limitation, the grant of Shares based upon certain conditions, the grant of securities convertible into Shares and the grant of stock appreciation rights, phantom stock awards or stock units. The principal terms of each Stock-Based Award shall be set forth in a Stock-Based Award Agreement, duly executed by the Company and, to the extent required by law or requested by the Company, by the Participant. The Stock-Based Award Agreement shall be in a form approved by the Administrator and shall contain terms and conditions which the Administrator determines to be appropriate and in the best interest of the Company. Each Stock-Based Award Agreement shall include the terms of any right of the Company including the right to terminate the Stock-Based Award without the issuance of Shares, the terms of any vesting conditions, Performance Goals or events upon which Shares shall be issued, provided that dividends (other than stock dividends to be issued pursuant to Section 24 of the Plan) or dividend equivalents may accrue but shall not be paid prior to and may be paid only to the extent that the Shares subject to the Stock-Based Award vest. Under no circumstances may the Agreement covering stock appreciation rights (a) have an exercise price (per share) that is less than the Fair Market Value per share of Common Stock on the date of grant or (b) expire more than ten years following the date of grant.

The Company intends that the Plan and any Stock-Based Awards granted hereunder be exempt from the application of Section 409A of the Code or meet the requirements of paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) of subsection (a) of Section 409A of the Code, to the extent applicable, and be operated in accordance with Section 409A so that any compensation deferred under any Stock-Based Award (and applicable investment earnings) shall not be included in income under Section 409A of the Code. Any ambiguities in the Plan shall be construed to effect the intent as described in this Paragraph 8.

The Committee shall determine whether, with respect to a performance period, the applicable Performance Goals have been met with respect to a given Participant and, if they have, to so certify and ascertain the amount of the applicable Performance-Based Award. No Performance-Based Awards will be issued for such performance period until such certification is made by the Committee. The number of Shares issued in respect of a Performance-Based Award determined by the Committee for a performance period shall be paid to the Participant at such time as determined by the Committee in its sole discretion after the end of such performance period, and any dividends (other than stock dividends to be issued pursuant to Section 24 of the Plan) or dividend equivalents that accrue shall only be paid in respect of the number of Shares earned in respect of such Performance-Based Award.

An Option (or any part or installment thereof) shall be exercised by giving written notice to the Company or its designee (in a form acceptable to the Administrator, which may include electronic notice), together with provision for payment of the aggregate exercise price in accordance with this Paragraph 10 for the Shares as to which the Option is being exercised, and upon compliance with any other condition(s) set forth in the Option Agreement. Such notice shall be signed by the person exercising the Option (which signature may be provided electronically in a form acceptable to the Administrator), shall state the number of Shares with respect to which the Option is being exercised and shall contain any representation required by the Plan or the Option Agreement. Payment of the exercise price for the Shares as to which such Option is being exercised shall be made (a) in United States dollars in cash or by check, or (b) at the discretion of the Administrator, through delivery of shares of Common Stock held for at least six months (if required to avoid negative accounting treatment) having a Fair Market Value equal as of the date of the exercise to the aggregate cash exercise price for the number of Shares as to which the Option is being exercised, or (c) at the discretion of the Administrator, by having the Company retain from the Shares otherwise issuable upon exercise of the Option, a number of Shares having a Fair Market Value equal as of the date of exercise to the aggregate exercise price for the number of Shares as to which the Option is being exercised, or (d) at the discretion of the Administrator, in accordance with a cashless exercise program established with a securities brokerage firm, and approved by the Administrator, or (e) at the discretion of the Administrator, by any combination of (a), (b), (c) and (d) above or (f) at the discretion of the Administrator, by payment of such other lawful consideration as the Administrator may determine. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Administrator shall accept only such payment on exercise of an ISO as is permitted by Section 422 of the Code.

The Company shall then reasonably promptly deliver the Shares as to which such Option was exercised to the Participant (or to the Participant’s Survivors, as the case may be). In determining what constitutes “reasonably promptly,” it is expressly understood that the issuance and delivery of the Shares may be delayed by the Company in order to comply with any law or regulation (including, without limitation, state securities or “blue sky” laws) which requires the Company to take any action with respect to the Shares prior to their issuance. The Shares shall, upon delivery, be fully paid, non-assessable Shares.

Any Stock Grant or Stock-Based Award requiring payment of a purchase price for the Shares as to which such Stock Grant or Stock-Based Award is being granted shall be made (a) in United States dollars in cash or by check, or (b) at the discretion of the Administrator, through delivery of shares of Common Stock held for at least six months (if required to avoid negative accounting treatment) and having a Fair Market Value equal as of the date of payment to the purchase price of the Stock Grant or Stock-Based Award, or (c) at the discretion of the Administrator, by any combination of (a) and (b) above; or (d) at the discretion of the Administrator, by payment of such other lawful consideration as the Administrator may determine.

The Company shall, when required by the applicable Agreement, reasonably promptly deliver the Shares as to which such Stock Grant or Stock-Based Award was made to the Participant (or to the Participant’s Survivors, as the case may be), subject to any escrow provision set forth in the applicable Agreement. In determining what constitutes “reasonably promptly,” it is expressly understood that the issuance and delivery of the Shares may be delayed by the Company in order to comply with any law or regulation (including, without limitation, state securities or “blue sky” laws) which requires the Company to take any action with respect to the Shares prior to their issuance.

No Participant to whom a Stock Right has been granted shall have rights as a stockholder with respect to any Shares covered by such Stock Right except after due exercise of an Option or issuance of Shares as set forth in any Agreement, tender of the aggregate exercise or purchase price, if any, for the Shares being purchased and registration of the Shares in the Company’s share register in the name of the Participant.

By its terms, a Stock Right granted to a Participant shall not be transferable by the Participant other than (i) by will or by the laws of descent and distribution, or (ii) as approved by the Administrator in its discretion and set forth in the applicable Agreement provided that no Stock Right may be transferred by a Participant for value. Notwithstanding the foregoing, an ISO transferred except in compliance with clause (i) above shall no longer qualify as an ISO. The designation of a beneficiary of a Stock Right by a Participant, with the prior approval of the Administrator and in such form as the Administrator shall prescribe, shall not be deemed a transfer prohibited by this Paragraph 13. Except as provided above during the Participant’s lifetime a Stock Right shall only be exercisable by or issued to such Participant (or his or her legal representative) and shall not be assigned, pledged or hypothecated in any way (whether by operation of law or otherwise) and shall not be subject to execution, attachment or similar process. Any attempted transfer, assignment, pledge, hypothecation or other disposition of any Stock Right or of any rights granted thereunder contrary to the provisions of this Plan, or the levy of any attachment or similar process upon a Stock Right, shall be null and void.

Except as otherwise provided in a Participant’s Option Agreement, in the event of a termination of service (whether as an Employee, Director or Consultant) with the Company or an Affiliate before the Participant has exercised an Option, the following rules apply:

(a) A Participant who ceases to be an Employee, Director or Consultant of the Company or of an Affiliate (for any reason other than termination for Cause, Disability, or death for which events there are special rules in Paragraphs 15, 16, and 17, respectively), may exercise any Option granted to him or her to the extent that the Option is exercisable on the date of such termination of service, but only within such term as the Administrator has designated in a Participant’s Option Agreement.

(b) Except as provided in Subparagraph (c) below, or Paragraph 16 or 17, in no event may an Option intended to be an ISO, be exercised later than three months after the Participant’s termination of employment.

(c) The provisions of this Paragraph 14, and not the provisions of Paragraph 16 or 17, shall apply to a Participant who subsequently becomes Disabled or dies after the termination of employment, director status or consultancy; provided, however, in the case of a Participant’s Disability or death within three months after the termination of employment, director status or consultancy, the Participant or the Participant’s Survivors may exercise the Option within one year after the date of the Participant’s termination of service, but in no event after the date of expiration of the term of the Option.

(d) Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, if subsequent to a Participant’s termination of employment, termination of director status or termination of consultancy, but prior to the exercise of an Option, the Administrator determines that, either prior or subsequent to the Participant’s termination, the Participant engaged in conduct which would constitute Cause, then such Participant shall forthwith cease to have any right to exercise any Option.

(e) A Participant to whom an Option has been granted under the Plan who is absent from the Company or an Affiliate because of temporary disability (any disability other than a Disability as defined in Paragraph 1 hereof), or who is on leave of absence for any purpose, shall not, during the period of any such absence, be deemed, by virtue of such absence alone, to have terminated such Participant’s employment, director status or consultancy with the Company or with an Affiliate, except as the Administrator may otherwise expressly provide; provided, however, that, for ISOs, any leave of absence granted by the Administrator of greater than three months, unless pursuant to a contract or statute that guarantees the right to reemployment, shall cause such ISO to become a Non-Qualified Option on the date that is six months following the commencement of such leave of absence.

(f) Except as required by law or as set forth in a Participant’s Option Agreement, Options granted under the Plan shall not be affected by any change of a Participant’s status within or among the Company and any Affiliates, so long as the Participant continues to be an Employee, director or Consultant of the Company or any Affiliate.

Except as otherwise provided in a Participant’s Option Agreement, the following rules apply if the Participant’s service (whether as an Employee, director or Consultant) with the Company or an Affiliate is terminated for Cause prior to the time that all his or her outstanding Options have been exercised:

(a) All outstanding and unexercised Options as of the time the Participant is notified his or her service is terminated for Cause will immediately be forfeited.

(b) Cause is not limited to events which have occurred prior to a Participant’s termination of service, nor is it necessary that the Administrator’s finding of Cause occur prior to termination. If the Administrator determines, subsequent to a Participant’s termination of service but prior to the exercise of an Option, that either prior or subsequent to the Participant’s termination the Participant engaged in conduct which would constitute Cause, then the right to exercise any Option is forfeited.

(a) A Participant who ceases to be an Employee, director or Consultant of the Company or of an Affiliate by reason of Disability may exercise any Option granted to such Participant:

(b) A Disabled Participant may exercise the Option only within the period ending one year after the date of the Participant’s termination of service due to Disability, notwithstanding that the Participant might have been able to exercise the Option as to some or all of the Shares on a later date if the Participant had not been terminated due to Disability and had continued to be an Employee, director or Consultant or, if earlier, within the originally prescribed term of the Option.

(c) The Administrator shall make the determination both of whether Disability has occurred and the date of its occurrence (unless a procedure for such determination is set forth in another agreement between the Company and such Participant, in which case such procedure shall be used for such determination). If requested, the Participant shall be examined by a physician selected or approved by the Administrator, the cost of which examination shall be paid for by the Company.

(a) In the event of the death of a Participant while the Participant is an Employee, director or Consultant of the Company or of an Affiliate, such Option may be exercised by the Participant’s Survivors:

(b) If the Participant’s Survivors wish to exercise the Option, they must take all necessary steps to exercise the Option within one year after the date of death of such Participant, notwithstanding that the decedent might have been able to exercise the Option as to some or all of the Shares on a later date if he or she had not died and had continued to be an Employee, director or Consultant or, if earlier, within the originally prescribed term of the Option.

In the event of a termination of service (whether as an Employee, Director or Consultant) with the Company or an Affiliate for any reason before the Participant has accepted a Stock Grant or a Stock-Based Award and paid the purchase price, if required, such grant shall terminate.

For purposes of this Paragraph 18, a Participant to whom a Stock Grant or Stock-Based Award has been issued under the Plan who is absent from work with the Company or with an Affiliate because of temporary disability (any disability other than a Disability as defined in Paragraph 1 hereof), or who is on leave of absence for any purpose, shall not, during the period of any such absence, be deemed, by virtue of such absence alone, to have terminated such Participant’s employment, director status or consultancy with the Company or with an Affiliate, except as the Administrator may otherwise expressly provide.

In addition, for purposes of this Paragraph 18 any change of employment or other service within or among the Company and any Affiliates shall not be treated as a termination of employment, director status or consultancy so long as the Participant continues to be an Employee, Director or Consultant of the Company or any Affiliate.

Except as otherwise provided in a Participant’s Agreement, in the event of a termination of service for any reason (whether as an Employee, Director or Consultant), other than termination for Cause, death or Disability for which there are special rules in Paragraphs 19, 20, and 21 below, before all forfeiture provisions or Company rights of repurchase shall have lapsed, then the Company shall have the right to cancel or repurchase that number of Shares subject to a Stock Grant or Stock-Based Award as to which the Company’s forfeiture or repurchase rights have not lapsed.

Except as otherwise provided in a Participant’s Agreement, the following rules apply if the Participant’s service (whether as an Employee, Director or Consultant) with the Company or an Affiliate is terminated for Cause:

(a) All Shares subject to any Stock Grant or Stock-Based Award that remain subject to forfeiture provisions or as to which the Company shall have a repurchase right shall be immediately forfeited to the Company as of the time the Participant is notified his or her service is terminated for Cause.

(b) Cause is not limited to events which have occurred prior to a Participant’s termination of service, nor is it necessary that the Administrator’s finding of Cause occur prior to termination. If the Administrator determines, subsequent to a Participant’s termination of service, that either prior or subsequent to the Participant’s termination the Participant engaged in conduct which would constitute Cause, then all Shares subject to any Stock Grant or Stock-Based Award that remained subject to forfeiture provisions or as to which the Company had a repurchase right on the date of termination shall be immediately forfeited to the Company.

Except as otherwise provided in a Participant’s Agreement, the following rules apply if a Participant ceases to be an Employee, Director or Consultant of the Company or of an Affiliate by reason of Disability: to the extent the forfeiture provisions or the Company’s rights of repurchase have not lapsed on the date of Disability, they shall be exercisable; provided, however, that in the event such forfeiture provisions or rights of repurchase lapse periodically, such provisions or rights shall lapse to the extent of a pro rata portion of the Shares subject to such Stock Grant or Stock-Based Award through the date of Disability as would have lapsed had the Participant not become Disabled. The proration shall be based upon the number of days accrued prior to the date of Disability.

The Administrator shall make the determination both as to whether Disability has occurred and the date of its occurrence (unless a procedure for such determination is set forth in another agreement between the Company and such Participant, in which case such procedure shall be used for such determination). If requested, the Participant shall be examined by a physician selected or approved by the Administrator, the cost of which examination shall be paid for by the Company.

Except as otherwise provided in a Participant’s Agreement, the following rules apply in the event of the death of a Participant while the Participant is an Employee, Director or Consultant of the Company or of an Affiliate: to the extent the forfeiture provisions or the Company’s rights of repurchase have not lapsed on the date of death, they shall be exercisable; provided, however, that in the event such forfeiture provisions or rights of repurchase lapse periodically, such provisions or rights shall lapse to the extent of a pro rata portion of the Shares subject to such Stock Grant or Stock-Based Award through the date of death as would have lapsed had the Participant not died. The proration shall be based upon the number of days accrued prior to the Participant’s date of death.

Unless the offering and sale of the Shares shall have been effectively registered under the Securities Act, the Company shall be under no obligation to issue Shares under the Plan unless and until the following conditions have been fulfilled:

(a) The person who receives a Stock Right shall warrant to the Company, prior to the receipt of Shares, that such person is acquiring such Shares for his or her own account, for investment, and not with a view to, or for sale in connection with, the distribution of any such Shares, in which event the person acquiring such Shares shall be bound by the provisions of the following legend (or a legend in substantially similar form) which shall be endorsed upon the certificate evidencing the Shares issued pursuant to such exercise or such grant of a Stock Right:

“The shares represented by this certificate have been taken for investment and they may not be sold or otherwise transferred by any person, including a pledgee, unless (1) either (a) a Registration Statement with respect to such shares shall be effective under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or (b) the Company shall have received an opinion of counsel satisfactory to it that an exemption from registration under such Act is then available, and (2) there shall have been compliance with all applicable state securities laws.”

(b) At the discretion of the Administrator, the Company shall have received an opinion of its counsel that the Shares may be issued in compliance with the Securities Act without registration thereunder.

Upon the dissolution or liquidation of the Company, all Options granted under this Plan which as of such date shall not have been exercised and all Stock Grants and Stock-Based Awards which have not been accepted, to the extent required under the applicable Agreement, will terminate and become null and void; provided, however, that if the rights of a Participant or a Participant’s Survivors have not otherwise terminated and expired, the Participant or the Participant’s Survivors will have the right immediately prior to such dissolution or liquidation to exercise or accept any Stock Right to the extent that the Stock Right is exercisable or subject to acceptance as of the date immediately prior to such dissolution or liquidation. Upon the dissolution or liquidation of the Company, any outstanding Stock-Based Awards shall immediately terminate unless otherwise determined by the Administrator or specifically provided in the applicable Agreement.

Upon the occurrence of any of the following events, a Participant’s rights with respect to any Stock Right granted to him or her hereunder shall be adjusted as hereinafter provided, unless otherwise specifically provided in a Participant’s Agreement.

(a) Stock Dividends and Stock Splits. If (i) the shares of Common Stock shall be subdivided or combined into a greater or smaller number of shares or if the Company shall issue any shares of Common Stock as a stock dividend on its outstanding Common Stock, or (ii) additional shares or new or different shares or other securities of the Company or other non-cash assets are distributed with respect to such shares of Common Stock, each Stock Right and the number of shares of Common Stock deliverable thereunder shall be appropriately increased or decreased proportionately, and appropriate adjustments shall be made including, in the exercise or purchase price per share and the Performance Goals applicable to outstanding Performance-Based Awards, to reflect such events. The number of Shares subject to the limitations in Paragraph 3(a) and 4(c) shall also be proportionately adjusted upon the occurrence of such events.

(b) Corporate Transactions. If the Company is to be consolidated with or acquired by another entity in a merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets or the acquisition of all of the outstanding voting stock of the Company in a single transaction or a series of related transactions by a single entity other than a transaction to merely change the state of incorporation (a “Corporate Transaction”), the Administrator or the board of directors of any entity assuming the obligations of the Company hereunder (the “Successor Board”), shall, as to outstanding Options, either (i) make appropriate provision for the continuation of such Options by substituting on an equitable basis for the Shares then subject to such Options either the consideration payable with respect to the outstanding shares of Common Stock in connection with the Corporate Transaction or securities of any successor or acquiring entity; or (ii) upon written notice to the Participants, provide that such Options must be exercised (either (A) to the extent then exercisable or, (B) at the discretion of the Administrator, any such Options being made partially or fully exercisable for purposes of this Subparagraph), within a specified number of days of the date of such notice, at the end of which period such Options which have not been exercised shall terminate; or (iii) terminate such Options in exchange for payment of an amount equal to the consideration payable upon consummation of such Corporate Transaction to a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock into which such Option would have been exercisable (either (A) to the extent then exercisable or, (B) at the discretion of the Administrator, any such Options being made partially or fully exercisable for purposes of this Subparagraph) less the aggregate exercise price thereof. For purposes of determining the payments to be made pursuant to Subclause (iii) above, in the case of a Corporate Transaction the consideration for which, in whole or in part, is other than cash, the consideration other than cash shall be valued at the fair value thereof as determined in good faith by the Board of Directors.

With respect to outstanding Stock Grants, the Administrator or the Successor Board, shall make appropriate provision for the continuation of such Stock Grants on the same terms and conditions by substituting on an equitable basis for the Shares then subject to such Stock Grants either the consideration payable with respect to the outstanding Shares of Common Stock in connection with the Corporate Transaction or securities of any successor or acquiring entity. In lieu of the foregoing, in connection with any Corporate Transaction, the Administrator may provide that, upon consummation of the Corporate Transaction, each outstanding Stock Grant shall be terminated in exchange for payment of an amount equal to the consideration payable upon consummation of such Corporate Transaction to a holder of the number of shares of Common Stock comprising such Stock Grant (to the extent such Stock Grant is no longer subject to any forfeiture or repurchase rights then in effect or, at the discretion of the Administrator, all forfeiture and repurchase rights being waived upon such Corporate Transaction).

In taking any of the actions permitted under this Paragraph 24(b), the Administrator shall not be obligated by the Plan to treat all Stock Rights, all Stock Rights held by a Participant, or all Stock Rights of the same type, identically.

(c) Recapitalization or Reorganization. In the event of a recapitalization or reorganization of the Company other than a Corporate Transaction pursuant to which securities of the Company or of another corporation are issued with respect to the outstanding shares of Common Stock, a Participant upon exercising an Option or accepting a Stock Grant after the recapitalization or reorganization shall be entitled to receive for the price paid upon such exercise or acceptance if any, the number of replacement securities which would have been received if such Option had been exercised or Stock Grant accepted prior to such recapitalization or reorganization.

(d) Adjustments to Stock-Based Awards. Upon the happening of any of the events described in Subparagraphs (a), (b) or (c) above, any outstanding Stock-Based Award shall be appropriately adjusted to reflect the events described in such Subparagraphs. The Administrator or the Successor Board shall determine the specific adjustments to be made under this Paragraph 24, including, but not limited to the effect of any, Corporate Transaction and, subject to Paragraph 4, its determination shall be conclusive.

(e) Modification of Options. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any adjustments made pursuant to Subparagraph (a), (b) or (c) above with respect to Options shall be made only after the Administrator determines whether such adjustments would (i) constitute a “modification” of any ISOs (as that term is defined in Section 424(h) of the Code) or (ii) cause any adverse tax consequences for the holders of Options, including, but not limited to, pursuant to Section 409A of the Code. If the Administrator determines that such adjustments made with respect to Options would constitute a modification or other adverse tax consequence, it may refrain from making such adjustments, unless the holder of an Option specifically agrees in writing that such adjustment be made and such writing indicates that the holder has full knowledge of the consequences of such “modification” on his or her income tax treatment with respect to the Option. This paragraph shall not apply to the acceleration of the vesting of any ISO that would cause any portion of the ISO to violate the annual vesting limitation contained in Section 422(d) of the Code, as described in Paragraph 6(b)(iv).

Except as expressly provided herein, no issuance by the Company of shares of stock of any class, or securities convertible into shares of stock of any class, shall affect, and no adjustment by reason thereof shall be made with respect to, the number or price of shares subject to Stock Rights. Except as expressly provided herein, no adjustments shall be made for dividends paid in cash or in property (including without limitation, securities) of the Company prior to any issuance of Shares pursuant to a Stock Right.

No fractional shares shall be issued under the Plan and the person exercising a Stock Right shall receive from the Company cash in lieu of such fractional shares equal to the Fair Market Value thereof.

The Administrator, at the written request of any Participant, may in its discretion take such actions as may be necessary to convert such Participant’s ISOs (or any portions thereof) that have not been exercised on the date of conversion into Non-Qualified Options at any time prior to the expiration of such ISOs, regardless of whether the Participant is an Employee of the Company or an Affiliate at the time of such conversion. At the time of such conversion, the Administrator (with the consent of the Participant) may impose such conditions on the exercise of the resulting Non-Qualified Options as the Administrator in its discretion may determine, provided that such conditions shall not be inconsistent with this Plan. Nothing in the Plan shall be deemed to give any Participant the right to have such Participant’s ISOs converted into Non-Qualified Options, and no such conversion shall occur until and unless the Administrator takes appropriate action. The Administrator, with the consent of the Participant, may also terminate any portion of any ISO that has not been exercised at the time of such conversion.

In the event that any federal, state, or local income taxes, employment taxes, Federal Insurance Contributions Act (“F.I.C.A.”) withholdings or other amounts are required by applicable law or governmental regulation to be withheld from the Participant’s salary, wages or other remuneration in connection with the issuance of a Stock Right or Shares under the Plan or for any other reason required by law, the Company may withhold from the Participant’s compensation, if any, or may require that the Participant advance in cash to the Company, or to any Affiliate of the Company which employs or employed the Participant, the statutory minimum amount of such withholdings unless a different withholding arrangement, including the use of shares of the Company’s Common Stock or a promissory note, is authorized by the Administrator (and permitted by law). For purposes hereof, the fair market value of the shares withheld for purposes of payroll withholding shall be determined in the manner set forth under the definition of Fair Market Value provided in Paragraph 1 above, as of the most recent practicable date prior to the date of exercise. If the Fair Market Value of the shares withheld is less than the amount of payroll withholdings required, the Participant may be required to advance the difference in cash to the Company or the Affiliate employer. The Administrator in its discretion may condition the exercise of an Option for less than the then Fair Market Value on the Participant’s payment of such additional withholding.

Each Employee who receives an ISO must agree to notify the Company in writing immediately after the Employee makes a Disqualifying Disposition of any Shares acquired pursuant to the exercise of an ISO. A Disqualifying Disposition is defined in Section 424(c) of the Code and includes any disposition (including any sale or gift) of such Shares before the later of (a) two years after the date the Employee was granted the ISO, or (b) one year after the date the Employee acquired Shares by exercising the ISO, except as otherwise provided in Section 424(c) of the Code. If the Employee has died before such Shares are sold, these holding period requirements do not apply and no Disqualifying Disposition can occur thereafter.

The Plan will terminate on April 11, 2030,the date which is ten years from the earlier of the date of its adoption by the Board of Directors and the date of its approval by the stockholders of the Company. The Plan may be terminated at an earlier date by vote of the stockholders or the Board of Directors of the Company; provided, however, that any such earlier termination shall not affect any Agreements executed prior to the effective date of such termination. Termination of the Plan shall not affect any Stock Rights theretofore granted.

The Plan may be amended by the stockholders of the Company. The Plan may also be amended by the Administrator, provided that any amendment approved by the Administrator which the Administrator determines is of a scope that requires stockholder approval shall be subject to obtaining such stockholder approval including, without limitation, to the extent necessary to qualify any or all outstanding Stock Rights granted under the Plan or Stock Rights to be granted under the Plan for favorable federal income tax treatment as may be afforded incentive stock options under Section 422 of the Code and to the extent necessary to qualify the Shares issuable under the Plan for listing on any national securities exchange or quotation in any national automated quotation system of securities dealers. Other than as set forth in Paragraph 24 of the Plan, the Administrator may not without stockholder approval reduce the exercise price of an Option or cancel any outstanding Option in exchange for a replacement option having a lower exercise price, any Stock Grant, any other Stock-Based Award or for cash. In addition, the Administrator may not take any other action that is considered a direct or indirect “repricing” for purposes of the stockholder approval rules of the applicable securities exchange or inter-dealer quotation system on which the Shares are listed, including any other action that is treated as a repricing under generally accepted accounting principles. Any modification or amendment of the Plan shall not, without the consent of a Participant, adversely affect his or her rights under a Stock Right previously granted to him or her, unless such amendment is required by applicable law or necessary to preserve the economic value of such Stock Right. With the consent of the Participant affected, the Administrator may amend outstanding Agreements in a manner which may be adverse to the Participant but which is not inconsistent with the Plan. In the discretion of the Administrator, outstanding Agreements may be amended by the Administrator in a manner which is not adverse to the Participant. Nothing in this Paragraph 31 shall limit the Administrator’s authority to take any action permitted pursuant to Paragraph 24.

Nothing in this Plan or any Agreement referred to herein shall be deemed to prevent the Company or an Affiliate from terminating the employment, consultancy or director status of a Participant, nor to prevent a Participant from terminating his or her own employment, consultancy or director status or to give any Participant a right to be retained in employment or other service by the Company or any Affiliate for any period of time.

If a Participant is a “specified employee” as defined in Section 409A of the Code (and as applied according to procedures of the Company and its Affiliates) as of his separation from service, to the extent any payment under this Plan or pursuant to the grant of a Stock-Based Award constitutes deferred compensation (after taking into account any applicable exemptions from Section 409A of the Code), and to the extent required by Section 409A of the Code, no payments due under this Plan or pursuant to a Stock-Based Award may be made until the earlier of: (i) the first day of the seventh month following the Participant’s separation from service, or (ii) the Participant’s date of death; provided, however, that any payments delayed during this six-month period shall be paid in the aggregate in a lump sum, without interest, on the first day of the seventh month following the Participant’s separation from service.

The Administrator shall administer the Plan with a view toward ensuring that Stock Rights under the Plan that are subject to Section 409A of the Code comply with the requirements thereof and that Options under the Plan be exempt from the requirements of Section 409A of the Code, but neither the Administrator nor any member of the Board, nor the Company nor any of its Affiliates, nor any other person acting hereunder on behalf of the Company, the Administrator or the Board shall be liable to a Participant or any Survivor by reason of the acceleration of any income, or the imposition of any additional tax or penalty, with respect to a Stock Right, whether by reason of a failure to satisfy the requirements of Section 409A of the Code or otherwise.

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Plan, the Company may recover from a Participant any compensation received from any Stock Right (whether or not settled) or cause a Participant to forfeit any Stock Right (whether or not vested) in the event that the Company’s Clawback Policy then in effect is triggered.

This Plan shall be construed and enforced in accordance with the law of the state of Nevada, without giving effect to the conflict of law principles thereof.

Exhibit B

PIERIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

2023 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN

The following constitute the provisions of the 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “Plan”) of Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”).

1. Purpose. The purpose of the Plan is to provide Employees of the Company and its Designated Subsidiaries with an opportunity to purchase Common Stock of the Company. It is the intention of the Company to have the Plan qualify as an “Employee Stock Purchase Plan” under Section 423 of the Code. The provisions of the Plan shall, accordingly, be construed so as to extend and limit participation in a manner consistent with the requirements of that section of the Code.

2. Definitions.

(a) “Board” shall mean the Board of Directors of the Company, or a committee of the Board of Directors named by the Board to administer the Plan.

(b) “Code” shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

(d) “Company” shall mean Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Nevada corporation.

(e) “Compensation” shall mean the regular rate of salary or wages received by the Employee from the Company or a Designated Subsidiary that is taxable income for federal income tax purposes or applicable tax law, but excluding incentive compensation, incentive payments, bonuses, commissions, relocation, expense reimbursements, tuition or other reimbursements or compensation received from the Company or a Designated Subsidiary.

(f) “Continuous Status as an Employee” shall mean the absence of any interruption or termination of service as an Employee. Continuous Status as an Employee shall not be considered interrupted in the case of a leave of absence agreed to in writing by the Company, provided that such leave is for a period of not more than ninety (90) days or reemployment upon the expiration of such leave is guaranteed by contract or statute.

(g) “Contributions” shall mean all amounts credited to the account of a participant pursuant to the Plan.

(h) “Designated Subsidiaries” shall mean the Subsidiaries which have been designated by the Board from time to time in its sole discretion as eligible to participate in the Plan.

(i) “Employee” shall mean any person who is employed by the Company or one of its Designated Subsidiaries for tax purposes and, with respect to the Company, who is customarily employed for at least twenty (20) hours per week and more than five (5) months in a calendar year.

(j) “Exercise Date” shall mean the last business day of each Offering Period of the Plan.

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(k) “Exercise Price” shall mean with respect to an Offering Period, an amount equal to 85% of the fair market value (as defined in Paragraph 7(b)) of a share of Common Stock on the Offering Date or on the Exercise Date, whichever is lower.

(l) “Offering Date” shall mean the first business day of each Offering Period of the Plan.

(m) “Offering Period” shall mean a period of six months as set forth in Paragraph 4 of the Plan (or such other period as determined by the Board in accordance with the Plan).

(n) “Plan” shall mean this Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Employee Stock Purchase Plan.

(o) “Subsidiary” shall mean a corporation, domestic or foreign, of which not less than 50% of the voting shares are held by the Company or a Subsidiary, whether or not such corporation now exists or is hereafter organized or acquired by the Company or a Subsidiary.

3. Eligibility.

(a) Any person who has been continuously employed as an Employee for one (1) month as of the Offering Date of a given Offering Period shall be eligible to participate in such Offering Period under the Plan and further, subject to the requirements of Paragraph 5(a) and the limitations imposed by Section 423(b) of the Code. All Employees granted options under the Plan with respect to any Offering Period will have the same rights and privileges except for any differences that may be permitted pursuant to Section 423.

(b) Any provisions of the Plan to the contrary notwithstanding, no Employee shall be granted an option under the Plan (i) if, immediately after the grant, such Employee (or any other person whose stock would be attributed to such Employee pursuant to Section 424(d) of the Code) would own stock and/or hold outstanding options to purchase stock possessing five percent (5%) or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of stock of the Company or of any Subsidiary of the Company or (ii) which permits his or her rights to purchase stock under all employee stock purchase plans (described in Section 423 of the Code) of the Company and its Subsidiaries to accrue at a rate which exceeds $25,000 of fair market value of such stock as defined in Paragraph 7(b) (determined at the time such option is granted) for each calendar year in which such option is outstanding at any time. In addition, the maximum number of shares of Common Stock that may be purchased by any participant during an Offering Period shall equal $25,000 divided by the fair market value of the Common Stock on the first trading day of such Offering Period, which price shall be adjusted if the price per share is adjusted pursuant to Section 18. Any option granted under the Plan shall be deemed to be modified to the extent necessary to satisfy this Paragraph 3(b).

4. Offering Periods. The Plan shall be implemented by a series of Offering Periods, with a new Offering Period commencing on June 1 and December 1 of each year or the first business day thereafter (or at such other time or times as may be determined by the Board). The initial Offering Period shall commence on June 1, 2023, provided that the Company’s stockholders approve the Plan and the issuance of Common Stock thereunder at the Company’s 2023 annual meeting of stockholders. The dates and provisions of separate Offering Periods under the Plan need not be identical, provided that the terms of participation are the same within any particular Offering Period except for any differences that may be permitted pursuant to Section 423 of the Code.

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5. Participation.

(a) An eligible Employee may become a participant in the Plan by completing an Enrollment Form provided by the Company and filing it with the Company or its designee at least fifteen (15) days prior to the applicable Offering Date, unless a later time for filing the Enrollment Form is set by the Board for all eligible Employees with respect to a given Offering Period. The Enrollment Form and its submission may be electronic as directed by the Company. The Enrollment Form shall set forth the percentage of the participant’s Compensation (which shall be not less than one percent (1%) and not more than ten percent (10%) to be paid as Contributions pursuant to the Plan).

(b) Payroll deductions shall commence with the first payroll following the Offering Date, unless a later time is set by the Board with respect to a given Offering Period, and shall end on the last payroll paid on or prior to the Exercise Date of the Offering Period to which the Enrollment Form is applicable, unless sooner terminated as provided in Paragraph 10.

6. Method of Payment of Contributions.

(a) Each participant shall elect to have payroll deductions made on each payroll during the Offering Period in an amount not less than one percent (1%) and not more than ten percent ten percent (10%) of such participant’s Compensation on each such payroll (or such other percentage as the Board may establish from time to time before an Offering Date). All payroll deductions made by a participant shall be credited to his or her account under the Plan. A participant may not make any additional payments into such account.

(b) A participant may discontinue his or her participation in the Plan as provided in Paragraph 10, or, on one occasion only during the Offering Period, may decrease, but may not increase, the rate of his or her Contributions during the Offering Period by completing and filing with the Company a new Enrollment Form authorizing a change in the deduction rate. The change in rate shall be effective as of the beginning of the next payroll period following the date of filing of the new Enrollment Form, if the Enrollment Form is completed at least ten business days prior to such date, and, if not, as of the beginning of the next succeeding payroll period.

(c) Notwithstanding the foregoing, to the extent necessary to comply with Section 423(b)(8) of the Code and Paragraph 3(b), a participant’s payroll deductions may be decreased to 0% at such time during any Offering Period which is scheduled to end during the current calendar year that the aggregate of all payroll deductions accumulated with respect to such Offering Period and any other Offering Period ending within the same calendar year equals $21,250. Payroll deductions shall recommence at the rate provided in such participant’s Enrollment Form at the beginning of the first Offering Period which is scheduled to end in the following calendar year, unless terminated by the participant as provided in Paragraph 10.

7. Grant of Option.

(a) On the Offering Date of each Offering Period, each eligible Employee participating in such Offering Period shall be granted an option to purchase on the Exercise Date of such Offering Period a number of shares of the Common Stock determined by dividing such Employee’s Contributions accumulated prior to such Exercise Date and retained in the participant’s account as of the Exercise Date by the applicable Exercise Price; provided however, that such purchase shall be subject to the limitations set forth in Paragraphs 3(b) and 12. The fair market value of a share of the Common Stock shall be determined as provided in Paragraph 7(b).

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(b) The fair market value of the Common Stock on a given date shall be (i) if the Common Stock is listed on a national securities exchange or traded in the over-the-counter market and sales prices are regularly reported for the Common Stock, the closing or last sale price of the Common Stock for such date (or, in the event that the Common Stock is not traded on such date, on the immediately preceding trading date), on the composite tape or other comparable reporting system; or (ii) if the Common Stock is not listed on a national securities exchange and such price is not regularly reported, the mean between the bid and asked prices per share of the Common Stock at the close of trading in the over-the-counter market.

8. Exercise of Option. Unless a participant withdraws from the Plan as provided in Paragraph 10, his or her option for the purchase of shares will be exercised automatically on the Exercise Date of the Offering Period, and the maximum number of full shares subject to the option will be purchased for him or her at the applicable Exercise Price with the accumulated Contributions in his or her account. If a fractional number of shares results, then such number shall be rounded down to the next whole number and any unapplied cash shall be carried forward to the next Exercise Date, unless the participant requests a cash payment. The shares purchased upon exercise of an option hereunder shall be deemed to be transferred to the participant on the Exercise Date. During a participant’s lifetime, a participant’s option to purchase shares hereunder is exercisable only by him or her.

9. Delivery. Upon the written request of a participant, certificates representing the shares purchased upon exercise of an option will be issued as promptly as practicable after the Exercise Date of each Offering Period to participants who wish to hold their shares in certificate form, except that the Board may determine that such shares shall be held for each participant’s benefit by a broker designated by the Board. Any payroll deductions accumulated in a participant’s account which are not sufficient to purchase a full Share shall be retained in the participant’s account for the subsequent Offering Period, subject to earlier withdrawal by the participant as provided in Paragraph 10 below. Any other amounts left over in a participant’s account after an Exercise Date shall be returned to the participant.

10. Withdrawal; Termination of Employment.

(a) A participant may withdraw all but not less than all the Contributions credited to his or her account under the Plan at any time prior to the Exercise Date of the Offering Period by giving written notice to the Company or its designee. All of the participant’s Contributions credited to his or her account will be paid to him or her promptly after receipt of his or her notice of withdrawal and his or her option for the current period will be automatically terminated, and no further Contributions for the purchase of shares will be made during the Offering Period.

(b) Upon termination of the participant’s Continuous Status as an Employee prior to the Exercise Date of the Offering Period for any reason, including retirement or death, the Contributions credited to his or her account will be returned to him or her or, in the case of his or her death, to the person or persons entitled thereto under Paragraph 14, and his or her option will be automatically terminated.

(c) In the event an Employee fails to remain in Continuous Status as an Employee for at least 20 hours per week during the Offering Period in which the Employee is a participant, he or she will be deemed to have elected to withdraw from the Plan and the Contributions credited to his or her account will be returned to him or her and his or her option terminated.

(d) A participant’s withdrawal from an Offering Period will not have any effect upon his or her eligibility to participate in a succeeding offering or in any similar plan which may hereafter be adopted by the Company.

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11. Interest. No interest shall accrue on the Contributions of a participant in the Plan.

12. Stock.

(a) The maximum number of shares of Common Stock which shall be made available for sale under the Plan shall be 750,000 shares subject to adjustment upon changes in capitalization of the Company as provided in Paragraph 18. If the total number of shares which would otherwise be subject to options granted pursuant to Paragraph 7(a) on the Offering Date of an Offering Period exceeds the number of shares then available under the Plan (after deduction of all shares for which options have been exercised), the Company shall make a pro rata allocation of the shares remaining available for option grants in as uniform a manner as shall be practicable and as it shall determine to be equitable. Any amounts remaining in an Employee’s account not applied to the purchase of shares pursuant to this Paragraph 12 shall be refunded on or promptly after the Exercise Date. In such event, the Company shall give written notice of such reduction of the number of shares subject to the option to each Employee affected thereby and shall similarly reduce the rate of Contributions, if necessary.

(b) The participant will have no interest or voting right in shares covered by his or her option until such option has been exercised.

13. Administration. The Board shall supervise and administer the Plan and shall have full power to adopt, amend and rescind any rules deemed desirable and appropriate for the administration of the Plan and not inconsistent with the Plan, to construe and interpret the Plan, to correct any defect or supply any omission or reconcile any inconsistency or ambiguity in the Plan, and to make all other determinations necessary or advisable for the administration of the Plan, including, without limitation, adopting sub-plans applicable to particular Designated Subsidiaries or locations, which sub-plans may be designed to be outside the scope of Section 423 of the Code.

14. Designation of Beneficiary.

(a) A participant may designate a beneficiary who is to receive any shares and cash, if any, from the participant’s account under the Plan in the event of such participant’s death subsequent to the end of the Offering Period but prior to delivery to him or her of such shares and cash. In addition, a participant may designate a beneficiary who is to receive any cash from the participant’s account under the Plan in the event of such participant’s death prior to the Exercise Date of the Offering Period. If a participant is married and the designated beneficiary is not the spouse, spousal consent shall be required for such designation to be effective. Beneficiary designations shall be made either in writing or by electronic delivery as directed by the Company.

(b) Such designation of beneficiary may be changed by the participant (and his or her spouse, if any) at any time by submission of the required notice, which may be electronic. In the event of the death of a participant and in the absence of a beneficiary validly designated under the Plan who is living at the time of such participant’s death, the Company shall deliver such shares and/or cash to the executor or administrator of the estate of the participant, or if no such executor or administrator has been appointed (to the knowledge of the Company), the Company, in its discretion, may deliver such shares and/or cash to the spouse or to any one or more dependents or relatives of the participant, or if no spouse, dependent or relative is known to the Company, then to such other person as the Company may designate.

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15. Transferability. Neither Contributions credited to a participant’s account nor any rights with regard to the exercise of an option or to receive shares under the Plan may be assigned, transferred, pledged or otherwise disposed of in any way (other than by will, the laws of descent and distribution or as provided in Paragraph 14) by the participant. Any such attempt at assignment, transfer, pledge or other disposition shall be without effect, except that the Company may treat such act as an election to withdraw funds in accordance with Paragraph 10.

16. Use of Funds. All Contributions received or held by the Company under the Plan may be used by the Company for any corporate purpose, and the Company shall not be obligated to segregate such Contributions.

17. Reports. Individual accounts will be maintained for each participant in the Plan. Statements of account will be given to participating Employees promptly following the Exercise Date, which statements will set forth the amounts of Contributions, the per share purchase price, the number of shares purchased and the remaining cash balance, if any.

18. Adjustments Upon Changes in Capitalization. Subject to any required action by the stockholders of the Company, the number of shares of Common Stock covered by unexercised options under the Plan and the number of shares of Common Stock which have been authorized for issuance under the Plan but are not yet subject to options under Paragraph 12(a) (collectively, the “Reserves”), the maximum number of shares of Common Stock that may be purchased by a participant in an Offering Period set forth in Paragraph 3(b), as well as the price per share of Common Stock covered by each unexercised option under the Plan, shall be proportionately adjusted for any increase or decrease in the number of issued shares of Common Stock resulting from a stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, combination or reclassification of the Common Stock. Such adjustment shall be made by the Board, whose determination in that respect shall be final, binding and conclusive.

In the event of the proposed dissolution or liquidation of the Company, an Offering Period then in progress will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such proposed action, unless otherwise provided by the Board. In the event of a proposed sale of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, or the merger, consolidation or other capital reorganization of the Company with or into another corporation, each option outstanding under the Plan shall be assumed or an equivalent option shall be substituted by such successor corporation or a parent or subsidiary of such successor corporation, unless the Board determines, in the exercise of its sole discretion and in lieu of such assumption or substitution, to shorten the Offering Period then in progress by setting a new Exercise Date (the “New Exercise Date”). If the Board shortens the Offering Period then in progress in lieu of assumption or substitution in the event of a merger or sale of assets, the Board shall notify each participant in writing, at least ten days prior to the New Exercise Date, that the Exercise Date for his or her option has been changed to the New Exercise Date and that his or her option will be exercised automatically on the New Exercise Date, unless prior to such date he or she has withdrawn from the Offering Period as provided in Paragraph 10. For purposes of this Paragraph, an option granted under the Plan shall be deemed to be assumed if, following the sale of assets, merger or other reorganization, the option confers the right to purchase, for each share of Common Stock subject to the option immediately prior to the sale of assets, merger or other reorganization, the consideration (whether stock, cash or other securities or property) received in the sale of assets, merger or other reorganization by holders of Common Stock for each share of Common Stock held on the effective date of such transaction (and if such holders were offered a choice of consideration, the type of consideration chosen by the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Common Stock); provided, however, that if such consideration received in such transaction was not solely common stock of the successor corporation or its parent (as defined in Section 424(e) of the Code), the Board may, with the consent of the successor corporation, provide for the consideration to be received upon exercise of the option to be solely common stock of the successor corporation or its parent equal in fair market value to the per share consideration received by holders of Common Stock in the sale of assets, merger or other reorganization.

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The Board may, if it so determines in the exercise of its sole discretion, also make provision for adjusting the Reserves, as well as the price per share of Common Stock covered by each outstanding option, in the event that the Company effects one or more reorganizations, recapitalizations, rights offerings or other increases or reductions of shares of its outstanding Common Stock, and in the event of the Company being consolidated with or merged into any other corporation.

19. Amendment or Termination.

(a) The Board may at any time terminate or amend the Plan. Except as provided in Paragraph 18, no such termination may affect options previously granted, nor may an amendment make any change in any option theretofore granted which adversely affects the rights of any participant provided that an Offering Period may be terminated by the Board on an Exercise Date or by the Board’s setting a new Exercise Date with respect to an Offering Period then in progress if the Board determines that termination of the Offering Period is in the best interests of the Company and the stockholders or if continuation of the Offering Period would cause the Company to incur adverse accounting charges in the generally-accepted accounting rules applicable to the Plan. In addition, to the extent necessary to comply with Section 423 of the Code (or any successor rule or provision or any applicable law or regulation), the Company shall obtain stockholder approval in such a manner and to such a degree as so required.

(b) Without stockholder consent and without regard to whether any participant rights may be considered to have been adversely affected, the Board shall be entitled to change the Offering Periods, limit the frequency and/or number of changes in the amount withheld during an Offering Period, establish the exchange ratio applicable to amounts withheld in a currency other than U.S. dollars, permit payroll withholding in excess of the amount designated by a participant in order to adjust for delays or mistakes in the Company’s processing of properly completed withholding elections, establish reasonable waiting and adjustment periods and/or accounting and crediting procedures to ensure that amounts applied toward the purchase of Common Stock for each participant properly correspond with amounts withheld from the participant’s Compensation, and establish such other limitations or procedures as the Board determines in its sole discretion advisable that are consistent with the Plan.

20. Notices. All notices or other communications by a participant to the Company under or in connection with the Plan shall be deemed to have been duly given when received in the form specified by the Company at the location, or by the person, designated by the Company for the receipt thereof.

21. Conditions Upon Issuance of Shares. Shares shall not be issued with respect to an option unless the exercise of such option and the issuance and delivery of such shares pursuant thereto shall comply with all applicable provisions of law, domestic or foreign, including, without limitation, the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, and the requirements of any stock exchange upon which the shares may then be listed, and shall be further subject to the approval of counsel for the Company with respect to such compliance.

As a condition to the exercise of an option, the Company may require the person exercising such option to represent and warrant at the time of any such exercise that the shares are being purchased only for investment and without any present intention to sell or distribute such shares if, in the opinion of counsel for the Company, such a representation is required by any of the aforementioned applicable provisions of law.

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22. Information Regarding Disqualifying Dispositions. By electing to participate in the Plan, each participant agrees to provide any information about any transfer of shares of Common Stock acquired under the Plan that occurs within two years after the first business day of the Offering Period in which such shares were acquired as may be requested by the Company or any Subsidiaries in order to assist it in complying with the tax laws.

23. Right to Terminate Employment. Nothing in the Plan or in any agreement entered into pursuant to the Plan shall confer upon any Employee the right to continue in the employment of the Company or any Subsidiary, or affect any right which the Company or any Subsidiary may have to terminate the employment of such Employee.

24. Rights as a Stockholder. Neither the granting of an option nor a deduction from payroll shall constitute an Employee the owner of shares covered by an option. No Employee shall have any right as a stockholder unless and until an option has been exercised, and the shares underlying the option have been registered in the Company’s share register.

25. Term of Plan. The Plan became effective upon its adoption by the Board on March 22, 2023 and shall continue in effect through May 31, 2032, unless sooner terminated under Paragraph 19.

26. Applicable Law. This Plan shall be governed in accordance with the laws of the State of Nevada, applied without giving effect to any conflict-of-law principles.

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IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT THE ANNUAL MEETING AND VOTING	3
SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT	8
MANAGEMENT AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	10
EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION	18
PAY VERSUS PERFORMANCE	28
REPORT OF AUDIT COMMITTEE	31
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PERSON TRANSACTIONS	32
ELECTION OF DIRECTORS	33
APPROVAL OF THE AMENDMENT TO THE 2020 EMPLOYEE, DIRECTOR AND CONSULTANT EQUITY INCENTIVE PLAN	34
APPROVAL OF THE COMPANY'S 2023 EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN	42
RATIFICATION OF APPOINTMENT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM	45
NON-BINDING ADVISORY VOTE TO APPROVE THE COMPENSATION OF OUR NAMED EXECUTIVE OFFICERS	47
CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICS	48
OTHER MATTERS	48
STOCKHOLDER PROPOSALS AND NOMINATIONS FOR DIRECTOR	48

Proposal 2: Approve the Amendment to the 2020 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, as amended	The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast at a meeting at which a quorum is present is required to approve the amendment of the 2020 Employee, Director and Consultant Equity Incentive Plan, as amended, to add 6,000,000 additional shares for issuance under the plan. You may vote FOR, AGAINST or ABSTAIN from voting on this proposal. Brokerage firms do not have authority to vote customers’ unvoted shares held by the firms in street name on this proposal. As a result, any shares not voted by a customer on this proposal will be treated as a broker non-vote. Such broker non-votes, as well as abstentions, will be counted as present for purposes of determining the presence of a quorum, but will have no effect on the results of this vote.

Proposal 3: Approve the 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan	The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast at a meeting at which a quorum is present is required to approve the 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. You may vote FOR, AGAINST or ABSTAIN from voting on this proposal. Brokerage firms do not have authority to vote customers’ unvoted shares held by the firms in street name on this proposal. As a result, any shares not voted by a customer on this proposal will be treated as a broker non-vote. Such broker non-votes, as well as abstentions, will be counted as present for purposes of determining the presence of a quorum, but will have no effect on the results of this vote.

Proposal 4: Ratify Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast at a meeting at which a quorum is present is required to ratify the appointment of our independent registered public accounting firm. You may vote FOR, AGAINST or ABSTAIN from voting on this proposal. Brokerage firms have authority to vote customers’ unvoted shares held by the firms in street name on this proposal. If a broker does not exercise this authority, such broker non-votes, as well as abstentions, will be counted as present for purposes of determining the presence of a quorum, but will have no effect on the results of this vote. We are not required to obtain the approval of our stockholders to select our independent registered public accounting firm. However, if our stockholders do not ratify the appointment of Ernst & Young LLP as our independent registered public accounting firm for 2023, the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors will reconsider its appointment.

Proposal 5: Non-Binding Advisory Vote to Approve the Compensation of Our Named Executive Officers	The affirmative vote of a majority of the votes cast at a meeting at which a quorum is present is required to approve this non-binding advisory proposal. You may vote FOR, AGAINST or ABSTAIN from voting on this proposal. Brokerage firms do not have authority to vote customers’ unvoted shares held by the firms in street name on this proposal. As a result, any shares not voted by a customer on this proposal will be treated as a broker non-vote. Such broker non-votes, as well as abstentions, will be counted as present for purposes of determining the presence of a quorum, but will have no effect on the results of this vote.

Name and Address of Beneficial Owner	Number of Shares Beneficially Owned	Percentage Beneficially Owned
5%+ Stockholders:
Biotechnology Value Fund, L.P. and affiliates (1)	7,706,849	9.99	%
Lynx1 Capital Management L.P. (2)	5,628,585	7.55	%
Aquilo Capital, L.P. and affiliates (3)	5,679,637	7.51	%
Soleus Capital Master Fund, L.P. and affiliates (4)	4,000,000	5.37	%
Directors and Named Executive Officers:
Stephen S. Yoder (5)	3,752,311	4.79	%
Ahmed Mousa (6)	523,381	*
Thomas Bures (7)	432,341	*
James Geraghty (8)	252,500	*
Ann Barbier, M.D., Ph.D. (9)	150,000	*
Peter Kiener, D.Phil. (10)	150,000	*
Christopher Kiritsy (11)	195,000	*
Michael Richman (12)	358,165	*
Matthew L. Sherman, M.D. (13)	150,000	*
Maya R. Said, Sc.D. (14)	130,000	*
All Current Directors and Executive Officers as a Group (12 persons) (15)	7,265,535	8.89	%

Name	Age	Position
Stephen S. Yoder*	47	President and CEO
James Geraghty (2)(3)	68	Director
Ann Barbier, M.D., Ph.D. (3)(4)	58	Director
Peter Kiener, D.Phil. (2)(4)	71	Director
Christopher Kiritsy (1)(2)	58	Director
Michael Richman* (1)(3)	62	Director
Maya R. Said, Sc.D. (3)(4)	46	Director
Matthew L. Sherman, M.D.* (1)(4)	67	Director

Board Diversity Matrix (As of April 28, 2023)
Total Number of Directors: 8
Part I: Gender Identity
	Male	Female
Directors	6	2
Part II: Demographic Background
Middle Eastern/North African	0	1
White	6	1


		Sincerely,



		Stephen S. Yoder President and Chief Executive Officer

	BY ORDER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS



		Ahmed S. Mousa Senior Vice President, Chief Business Officer, General Counsel and Secretary

Name	Age	Position with the Company
Hitto Kaufmann, Ph.D.	52	Senior Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer
Thomas Bures	48	Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Ahmed Mousa	39	Senior Vice President, Chief Business Officer and General Counsel
Shane Olwill	47	Senior Vice President and Chief Development Officer

Name and Principal Position	Year	Salary ($)		Option Awards ($)(1)		Non-equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($)(4)		All Other Compensation ($)			Total ($)
Stephen S. Yoder	2022		564,826		1,288,128		197,689		12,200	(2)		2,062,843
Chief Executive Officer	2021		548,375		858,754		274,188		11,600	(3)		1,692,917
Ahmed Mousa	2022		396,550		444,183		111,034		12,200	(2)		963,967
Senior Vice President and Chief Business Officer
Thomas Bures	2022		381,100		444,183		106,078		12,200	(2)		943,561
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer	2021		370,000		243,044		148,000		11,600	(3)		772,644

Name and Principal Position	Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Exercisable		Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options (#) Unexercisable		Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Unearned Options (#) Unexercisable	Option Exercise Price ($)	Option Expiration Date
Stephen S. Yoder	1,280,000	(1)	—	(1)	—	2.00	12/17/2024
Chief Executive Officer	492,000	(1)	—	(1)	—	1.52	2/12/2026
	434,350	(1)	—	(1)	—	1.99	2/23/2027
	325,000	(1)	—	(1)	—	8.56	2/20/2028
	356,250	(2)	23,750	(2)	—	3.09	2/26/2029
	288,750	(3)	131,250	(3)	—	3.15	2/27/2030
	231,875	(4)	298,125	(4)	—	2.50	3/4/2031
	—	(5)	625,874	(5)	—	3.03	2/22/2032

Ahmed Mousa	45,000	(1)	—	(1)	—	1.59	1/21/2026
Senior Vice President and Chief Business Officer	65,000	(1)	—	(1)	—	1.99	2/23/2027
	65,000	(1)	—	(1)	—	8.56	2/20/2028
	89,063	(2)	5,937	(2)	—	3.09	2/26/2029
	85,938	(3)	39,062	(3)	—	3.15	2/27/2030
	65,625	(4)	84,375	(4)	—	2.50	3/4/2031
	—	(5)	215,819	(5)	—	3.03	2/22/2032

Thomas Bures	125,000	(1)	—	(1)	—	5.64	12/18/2027
Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer	66,797	(2)	4,453	(2)	—	3.09	2/26/2029
	55,000	(3)	25,000	(3)	—	3.15	2/27/2030
	66,625	(4)	84,375	(4)	—	2.50	3/4/2031
	—	(5)	215,819	(5)	—	3.03	2/22/2032

Board of Directors or Committee of Board of Directors	Annual Retainer Amount for Director (non-Chairperson)	Annual Retainer Amount for Chairperson
Board of Directors	$35,000	$65,000
Audit Committee	$7,500	$15,000
Science and Technology Committee	$5,000	$10,000
Compensation and Management Development Committee	$5,000	$10,000
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee	$4,000	$8,000

Board of Directors	Annual Stock Option Grants	Initial Stock Option Grant for Newly Appointed or Elected Directors
Director	40,000 shares of Common Stock	80,000 shares of Common Stock
Chairperson	Additional 5,000 shares of Common Stock

Name	Fees Earned or Paid in Cash ($)		Option Awards ($) (8)		Total ($)
James Geraghty (1)	$	80,500	$	56,232	$	136,732
Michael Richman (2)	$	44,000	$	49,984	$	93,984
Christopher Kiritsy (3)	$	60,000	$	49,984	$	109,984
Ann Barbier, M.D., Ph.D. (4)	$	44,000	$	49,984	$	93,984
Peter Kiener, D.Phil. (5)	$	52,500	$	49,984	$	102,484
Matthew L. Sherman, M.D. (6)	$	45,000	$	49,984	$	94,984
Maya R. Said, Sc.D. (7)	$	44,000	$	49,984	$	93,984

Year	Summary Compensation Table Total for Stephen S. Yoder, Principal Executive Officer ($)	Compensation Actually Paid to PEO ($)(1)	Average Summary Compensation Table Total for Non-PEO NEOs ($)(2)	Average Compensation Actually Paid to Non-PEO NEOs ($)(3)	Value of Initial Fixed $100 Investment Based on Total Shareholder Return ($)(4)	Net Loss (in thousands) ($)(5)
2022	2,062,843	(526,880)	954,079	190,343	41.60	(33,277)
2021	1,692,917	3,005,107	1,061,609	1,350,793	151.20	(45,738)

Year	Reported Summary Compensation Table Total for PEO ($)	Reported Value of Equity Awards (a) ($)	Equity Award Adjustments (b) ($)	Compensation Actually Paid to PEO ($)
2022	2,062,843	(1,288,128)	(1,301,595)	(526,880)
2021	1,692,917	(858,754)	2,170,944	3,005,107

Year	Year End Fair Value of Outstanding and Unvested Equity Awards Granted in the Year ($)	Year over Year Change in Fair Value of Outstanding and Unvested Equity Awards Granted in Prior Years ($)	Fair Value as of Vesting Date of Equity Awards Granted and Vested in the Year ($)	Year over Year Change in Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted in Prior Years that Vested in the Year ($)	Fair Value at the End of the Prior Year of Equity Awards that Failed to Meeting Vesting Conditions in the Year ($)	Value of Dividends or other Earnings Paid on Stock or Option Awards not Otherwise Reflected in Fair Value or Total Compensation ($)	Total Equity Award Adjustments ($)
2022	312,186	(1,011,551)	—	(602,230)	—	—	(1,301,595)
2021	1,469,796	436,967	—	264,181	—	—	2,170,944

Year	Average Reported Summary Compensation Table Total for Non-PEO NEOs ($)	Average Reported Value of Equity Awards (a) ($)	Average Equity Award Adjustments (b) ($)	Average Compensation Actually Paid to Non- PEO NEOs ($)
2022	954,079	(444,183)	(319,553)	190,343
2021	1,061,609	(603,882)	893,066	1,350,793

Year	Average Year End Fair Value of Outstanding and Unvested Equity Awards Granted in the Year ($)	Year over Year Average Change in Fair Value of Outstanding and Unvested Equity Awards Granted in Prior Years ($)	Average Fair Value as of Vesting Date of Equity Awards Granted and Vested in the Year ($)	Year over Year Average Change in Fair Value of Equity Awards Granted in Prior Years that Vested in the Year ($)	Average Fair Value at the End of the Prior Year of Equity Awards that Failed to Meeting Vesting Conditions in the Year ($)	Average Value of Dividends or other Earnings Paid on Stock or Option Awards not Otherwise Reflected in Fair Value or Total Compensation ($)	Total Equity Award Adjustments ($)
2022	107,651	(271,860)	—	(155,343)	—	—	(319,553)
2021	767,328	84,218	—	41,520	—	—	893,066

		2022		2021		2020		Three Year Average
Adjusted Net Burn Rate as a % of Outstanding Shares (1)		2.3%		4.2%		1.3%		2.6%

Name and Position	Stock Option Awards (#)
Member of the Board	40,000
Chairperson of the Board	45,000

Plan Category	(a) Number of Securities to be Issued upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights		(b) Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights ($)	(c) Number of Securities Remaining Available for Future Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a))
Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Securityholders	13,473,366	(1)	3.21	4,386,134	(2)
Equity Compensation Plans Not Approved by Securityholders	300,000	(3)	4.65	—
Total	13,773,366			4,386,134

	2021		2022
Audit Fees: (1)	$	1,128,740	$971,400
Audit Related Fees:		—		—
Tax Fees:		—		—
All Other Fees:		—		—
Total	$	1,128,740	$971,400